Biological Features of Nanoparticles: Protein Corona Formation and Interaction with the Immune System
Nanoparticles (NPs) are versatile candidates for nanomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, their clinical applicability is hindered by their undesirable recognition by the immune system and the consequent immunotoxicity, as well as their rapid clearance in viv...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/12/2605 |
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| author | Sonia Panico Sara Capolla Sara Bozzer Giuseppe Toffoli Michele Dal Bo Paolo Macor |
| author_facet | Sonia Panico Sara Capolla Sara Bozzer Giuseppe Toffoli Michele Dal Bo Paolo Macor |
| author_sort | Sonia Panico |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nanoparticles (NPs) are versatile candidates for nanomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, their clinical applicability is hindered by their undesirable recognition by the immune system and the consequent immunotoxicity, as well as their rapid clearance in vivo. After injection, NPs are usually covered with layers of proteins, called protein coronas (PCs), which alter their identity, biodistribution, half-life, and efficacy. Therefore, the characterization of the PC is for in predicting the fate of NPs in vivo. The aim of this review was to summarize the state of the art regarding the intrinsic factors closely related to the NP structure, and extrinsic factors that govern PC formation in vitro. In addition, well-known opsonins, including complement, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, and dysopsonins, such as histidine-rich glycoprotein, apolipoproteins, and albumin, are described in relation to their role in NP detection by immune cells. Particular emphasis is placed on their role in mediating the interaction of NPs with innate and adaptive immune cells. Finally, strategies to reduce PC formation are discussed in detail. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:58:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c4da296dfeec40ce802fb40d9545c97d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:58:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-c4da296dfeec40ce802fb40d9545c97d2023-11-24T17:18:50ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232022-11-011412260510.3390/pharmaceutics14122605Biological Features of Nanoparticles: Protein Corona Formation and Interaction with the Immune SystemSonia Panico0Sara Capolla1Sara Bozzer2Giuseppe Toffoli3Michele Dal Bo4Paolo Macor5Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, ItalyExperimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano, ItalyExperimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano, ItalyExperimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano, ItalyExperimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano, ItalyDepartment of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, ItalyNanoparticles (NPs) are versatile candidates for nanomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, their clinical applicability is hindered by their undesirable recognition by the immune system and the consequent immunotoxicity, as well as their rapid clearance in vivo. After injection, NPs are usually covered with layers of proteins, called protein coronas (PCs), which alter their identity, biodistribution, half-life, and efficacy. Therefore, the characterization of the PC is for in predicting the fate of NPs in vivo. The aim of this review was to summarize the state of the art regarding the intrinsic factors closely related to the NP structure, and extrinsic factors that govern PC formation in vitro. In addition, well-known opsonins, including complement, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, and dysopsonins, such as histidine-rich glycoprotein, apolipoproteins, and albumin, are described in relation to their role in NP detection by immune cells. Particular emphasis is placed on their role in mediating the interaction of NPs with innate and adaptive immune cells. Finally, strategies to reduce PC formation are discussed in detail.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/12/2605nanoparticlesprotein coronaimmune system |
| spellingShingle | Sonia Panico Sara Capolla Sara Bozzer Giuseppe Toffoli Michele Dal Bo Paolo Macor Biological Features of Nanoparticles: Protein Corona Formation and Interaction with the Immune System Pharmaceutics nanoparticles protein corona immune system |
| title | Biological Features of Nanoparticles: Protein Corona Formation and Interaction with the Immune System |
| title_full | Biological Features of Nanoparticles: Protein Corona Formation and Interaction with the Immune System |
| title_fullStr | Biological Features of Nanoparticles: Protein Corona Formation and Interaction with the Immune System |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biological Features of Nanoparticles: Protein Corona Formation and Interaction with the Immune System |
| title_short | Biological Features of Nanoparticles: Protein Corona Formation and Interaction with the Immune System |
| title_sort | biological features of nanoparticles protein corona formation and interaction with the immune system |
| topic | nanoparticles protein corona immune system |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/12/2605 |
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