Multi-Frequency, Multi-Sonar Mapping of Shallow Habitats—Efficacy and Management Implications in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, Greece
In this work, multibeam echosounder (MBES) and dual frequency sidescan sonar (SSS) data are combined to map the shallow (5⁻100 m) benthic habitats of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ), Greece, a Marine Protected Area (MPA). NMPZ hosts extensive prairies of the protected Mediterr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-02-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/4/461 |
| _version_ | 1819294559258017792 |
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| author | Elias Fakiris Philippe Blondel George Papatheodorou Dimitris Christodoulou Xenophon Dimas Nikos Georgiou Stavroula Kordella Charalampos Dimitriadis Yuri Rzhanov Maria Geraga George Ferentinos |
| author_facet | Elias Fakiris Philippe Blondel George Papatheodorou Dimitris Christodoulou Xenophon Dimas Nikos Georgiou Stavroula Kordella Charalampos Dimitriadis Yuri Rzhanov Maria Geraga George Ferentinos |
| author_sort | Elias Fakiris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this work, multibeam echosounder (MBES) and dual frequency sidescan sonar (SSS) data are combined to map the shallow (5⁻100 m) benthic habitats of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ), Greece, a Marine Protected Area (MPA). NMPZ hosts extensive prairies of the protected Mediterranean phanerogams <i>Posidonia oceanica</i> and <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i>, as well as reefs and sandbanks. Seafloor characterization is achieved using the multi-frequency acoustic backscatter of: (a) the two simultaneous frequencies of the SSS (100 and 400 kHz) and (b) the MBES (180 kHz), as well as the MBES bathymetry. Overall, these high-resolution datasets cover an area of 84 km<sup>2</sup> with ground coverage varying from 50% to 100%. Image texture, terrain and backscatter angular response analyses are applied to the above, to extract a range of statistical features. Those have different spatial densities and so they are combined through an object-based approach based on the full-coverage 100-kHz SSS mosaic. Supervised classification is applied to data models composed of operationally meaningful combinations between the above features, reflecting single-sonar or multi-sonar mapping scenarios. Classification results are validated against a detailed expert interpretation habitat map making use of extensive ground-truth data. The relative gain of one system or one feature extraction method or another are thoroughly examined. The frequency-dependent separation of benthic habitats showcases the potentials of multi-frequency backscatter and bathymetry from different sonars, improving evidence-based interpretations of shallow benthic habitats. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-24T04:28:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c4f9f78d0929407ba5e6c798145b89aa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-24T04:28:15Z |
| publishDate | 2019-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-c4f9f78d0929407ba5e6c798145b89aa2022-12-21T17:15:31ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922019-02-0111446110.3390/rs11040461rs11040461Multi-Frequency, Multi-Sonar Mapping of Shallow Habitats—Efficacy and Management Implications in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, GreeceElias Fakiris0Philippe Blondel1George Papatheodorou2Dimitris Christodoulou3Xenophon Dimas4Nikos Georgiou5Stavroula Kordella6Charalampos Dimitriadis7Yuri Rzhanov8Maria Geraga9George Ferentinos10Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion, GreeceDepartment of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UKLaboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion, GreeceLaboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion, GreeceLaboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion, GreeceLaboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion, GreeceLaboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion, GreeceNational Marine Park of Zakynthos (N.M.P.Z.), 29100 Zakynthos, GreeceCenter for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USALaboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion, GreeceLaboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion, GreeceIn this work, multibeam echosounder (MBES) and dual frequency sidescan sonar (SSS) data are combined to map the shallow (5⁻100 m) benthic habitats of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ), Greece, a Marine Protected Area (MPA). NMPZ hosts extensive prairies of the protected Mediterranean phanerogams <i>Posidonia oceanica</i> and <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i>, as well as reefs and sandbanks. Seafloor characterization is achieved using the multi-frequency acoustic backscatter of: (a) the two simultaneous frequencies of the SSS (100 and 400 kHz) and (b) the MBES (180 kHz), as well as the MBES bathymetry. Overall, these high-resolution datasets cover an area of 84 km<sup>2</sup> with ground coverage varying from 50% to 100%. Image texture, terrain and backscatter angular response analyses are applied to the above, to extract a range of statistical features. Those have different spatial densities and so they are combined through an object-based approach based on the full-coverage 100-kHz SSS mosaic. Supervised classification is applied to data models composed of operationally meaningful combinations between the above features, reflecting single-sonar or multi-sonar mapping scenarios. Classification results are validated against a detailed expert interpretation habitat map making use of extensive ground-truth data. The relative gain of one system or one feature extraction method or another are thoroughly examined. The frequency-dependent separation of benthic habitats showcases the potentials of multi-frequency backscatter and bathymetry from different sonars, improving evidence-based interpretations of shallow benthic habitats.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/4/461National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ)sidescan sonarmultibeam echosoundermulti-frequency acoustic backscatterbenthic habitat mappingseagrass mappingobject-based image analysis (OBIA)angular backscatter responsesmarine protected area (MPA) |
| spellingShingle | Elias Fakiris Philippe Blondel George Papatheodorou Dimitris Christodoulou Xenophon Dimas Nikos Georgiou Stavroula Kordella Charalampos Dimitriadis Yuri Rzhanov Maria Geraga George Ferentinos Multi-Frequency, Multi-Sonar Mapping of Shallow Habitats—Efficacy and Management Implications in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, Greece Remote Sensing National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ) sidescan sonar multibeam echosounder multi-frequency acoustic backscatter benthic habitat mapping seagrass mapping object-based image analysis (OBIA) angular backscatter responses marine protected area (MPA) |
| title | Multi-Frequency, Multi-Sonar Mapping of Shallow Habitats—Efficacy and Management Implications in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, Greece |
| title_full | Multi-Frequency, Multi-Sonar Mapping of Shallow Habitats—Efficacy and Management Implications in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, Greece |
| title_fullStr | Multi-Frequency, Multi-Sonar Mapping of Shallow Habitats—Efficacy and Management Implications in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, Greece |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multi-Frequency, Multi-Sonar Mapping of Shallow Habitats—Efficacy and Management Implications in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, Greece |
| title_short | Multi-Frequency, Multi-Sonar Mapping of Shallow Habitats—Efficacy and Management Implications in the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, Greece |
| title_sort | multi frequency multi sonar mapping of shallow habitats efficacy and management implications in the national marine park of zakynthos greece |
| topic | National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ) sidescan sonar multibeam echosounder multi-frequency acoustic backscatter benthic habitat mapping seagrass mapping object-based image analysis (OBIA) angular backscatter responses marine protected area (MPA) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/4/461 |
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