GNSS/AQUA Fusion Study of Atmospheric Response Characteristics and Interaction Mechanisms during the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption
A large-scale underwater volcanic eruption occurred at the volcano of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) on 15 January 2022. At present, there is no consensus on the ionospheric response characteristics and interaction mechanism during volcanic eruptions. Based on the Global Navigation Satellite Syste...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-10-01
|
| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/11/1619 |
| _version_ | 1797460211026362368 |
|---|---|
| author | Lulu Ming Fuyang Ke Xiangxiang Hu Wanganyin Cui Pan Zhao |
| author_facet | Lulu Ming Fuyang Ke Xiangxiang Hu Wanganyin Cui Pan Zhao |
| author_sort | Lulu Ming |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A large-scale underwater volcanic eruption occurred at the volcano of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) on 15 January 2022. At present, there is no consensus on the ionospheric response characteristics and interaction mechanism during volcanic eruptions. Based on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), AQUA satellite’s Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the experiment studies the response characteristics of the ionosphere and gravity waves during the eruption of the volcano and their interaction mechanisms and the International Real-Time Geomagnetic Observation Network (INTERMAGNET). First, a geomagnetic anomaly was detected before the eruption, which caused variations in the ionospheric <i>VTEC</i> (Vertical Total Electron Content) by about 15 TECU. Based on the IGS (International GNSS Service) observations, the <i>VTEC</i> distribution between 60° north and south latitudes was retrieved. The results show that before and after the eruption of Tonga Volcano, significant ionospheric anomalies were observed to the south, northwest and southwest of the volcano, with a maximum anomaly of 15 TECU. The study indicates that the geomagnetic anomaly disturbance is one of the precursors of volcanic eruption and has a certain degree of impact on the ionosphere. A correlation between geomagnetic anomalies and ionospheric anomalies was found to exist. The vast impact from the volcanic eruption excites gravity waves over the surface, which then propagate longitudinally, further perturbing the ionosphere. It is also detected that the ionospheric anomaly perturbation has a high coincidence effect with the gravity wave anomaly. Therefore, the gravity waves generated by atmospheric variations are used to explain the ionospheric perturbation phenomenon caused by volcanic eruptions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:02:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c52b23d963f7451e9b954558a6b9faee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:02:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-c52b23d963f7451e9b954558a6b9faee2023-11-24T14:28:26ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332023-10-011411161910.3390/atmos14111619GNSS/AQUA Fusion Study of Atmospheric Response Characteristics and Interaction Mechanisms during the 2022 Tonga Volcanic EruptionLulu Ming0Fuyang Ke1Xiangxiang Hu2Wanganyin Cui3Pan Zhao4School of Software, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Software, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741001, ChinaSchool of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaA large-scale underwater volcanic eruption occurred at the volcano of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) on 15 January 2022. At present, there is no consensus on the ionospheric response characteristics and interaction mechanism during volcanic eruptions. Based on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), AQUA satellite’s Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the experiment studies the response characteristics of the ionosphere and gravity waves during the eruption of the volcano and their interaction mechanisms and the International Real-Time Geomagnetic Observation Network (INTERMAGNET). First, a geomagnetic anomaly was detected before the eruption, which caused variations in the ionospheric <i>VTEC</i> (Vertical Total Electron Content) by about 15 TECU. Based on the IGS (International GNSS Service) observations, the <i>VTEC</i> distribution between 60° north and south latitudes was retrieved. The results show that before and after the eruption of Tonga Volcano, significant ionospheric anomalies were observed to the south, northwest and southwest of the volcano, with a maximum anomaly of 15 TECU. The study indicates that the geomagnetic anomaly disturbance is one of the precursors of volcanic eruption and has a certain degree of impact on the ionosphere. A correlation between geomagnetic anomalies and ionospheric anomalies was found to exist. The vast impact from the volcanic eruption excites gravity waves over the surface, which then propagate longitudinally, further perturbing the ionosphere. It is also detected that the ionospheric anomaly perturbation has a high coincidence effect with the gravity wave anomaly. Therefore, the gravity waves generated by atmospheric variations are used to explain the ionospheric perturbation phenomenon caused by volcanic eruptions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/11/1619continuous geomagnetic signalgravity wavesabnormal <i>VTEC</i>interaction mechanism |
| spellingShingle | Lulu Ming Fuyang Ke Xiangxiang Hu Wanganyin Cui Pan Zhao GNSS/AQUA Fusion Study of Atmospheric Response Characteristics and Interaction Mechanisms during the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption Atmosphere continuous geomagnetic signal gravity waves abnormal <i>VTEC</i> interaction mechanism |
| title | GNSS/AQUA Fusion Study of Atmospheric Response Characteristics and Interaction Mechanisms during the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption |
| title_full | GNSS/AQUA Fusion Study of Atmospheric Response Characteristics and Interaction Mechanisms during the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption |
| title_fullStr | GNSS/AQUA Fusion Study of Atmospheric Response Characteristics and Interaction Mechanisms during the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption |
| title_full_unstemmed | GNSS/AQUA Fusion Study of Atmospheric Response Characteristics and Interaction Mechanisms during the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption |
| title_short | GNSS/AQUA Fusion Study of Atmospheric Response Characteristics and Interaction Mechanisms during the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption |
| title_sort | gnss aqua fusion study of atmospheric response characteristics and interaction mechanisms during the 2022 tonga volcanic eruption |
| topic | continuous geomagnetic signal gravity waves abnormal <i>VTEC</i> interaction mechanism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/11/1619 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT luluming gnssaquafusionstudyofatmosphericresponsecharacteristicsandinteractionmechanismsduringthe2022tongavolcaniceruption AT fuyangke gnssaquafusionstudyofatmosphericresponsecharacteristicsandinteractionmechanismsduringthe2022tongavolcaniceruption AT xiangxianghu gnssaquafusionstudyofatmosphericresponsecharacteristicsandinteractionmechanismsduringthe2022tongavolcaniceruption AT wanganyincui gnssaquafusionstudyofatmosphericresponsecharacteristicsandinteractionmechanismsduringthe2022tongavolcaniceruption AT panzhao gnssaquafusionstudyofatmosphericresponsecharacteristicsandinteractionmechanismsduringthe2022tongavolcaniceruption |