| Summary: | Background: Purple soil has a fragile structure and is highly vulnerable to soil erosion and phosphorus (P) loss risks. Despite this, the region is endowed with abundant crop residue resources. To ensure sustainable agricultural development in this area, we conducted a study to investigate the impact of crop residue removal on soil aggregate structure, soil erosion, and the risk of <i>P</i> loss. Methods: We conducted a three-year on-farm experiment and analyzed various soil parameters. These parameters include mean weight diameter (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>W</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), geometric mean diameter (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), soil aggregates with a diameter greater than 0.25 mm (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>></mo><mn>0.25</mn><mi>m</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil erosion estimated by RUSLE 2, total soil phosphorus (<i>TP</i>) concentration, geometric mean concentration of <i>TP</i> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and geometric mean concentration of <i>TP</i> adjusted for aggregate size (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). Results: Retaining all crop residue can significantly improve soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, which was 2.56 times higher than the complete removal treatment. After three years of experimentation, compared to four months, the 50% residue removal treatment increased the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> by 32.7%, while the 0% removal treatment increased the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> by 16.6%. Both improvements were higher than the complete removal treatment. Partial or complete removal of the crop residue can reduce the soil aggregate stability and increase the risk of soil erosion and <i>P</i> loss. Conclusions: The <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> have the potential to serve as indicators for evaluating soil <i>P</i> loss risk. Removing crop residues can cause the degradation of the structure of purple soil aggregates, thus resulting in increased soil erosion and <i>P</i> loss. It is not recommended to remove crop residues in the purple soil region to ensure sustainable agricultural development.
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