Emission of BTEX and PAHs from molding sands with furan cold setting resins containing different contents of free furfuryl alcohol during production of cast iron
At present, furan resin is the largest selling no-bake system of moulding sands. The most commonly used furan no-bake binders (FNB) are condensation products of furfuryl alcohol (FA) urea, formaldehyde and phenol. They are generally cured by exposure to organic sulfonic acids. FNB provide excellent...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Foundry Journal Agency
2015-11-01
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| Series: | China Foundry |
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| Online Access: | http://ff.foundryworld.com/uploadfile/2015121549514093.pdf |
| _version_ | 1828158252638011392 |
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| author | Mariusz Holtzer Sylwia Zymankowska-Kumon Angelika Kmita |
| author_facet | Mariusz Holtzer Sylwia Zymankowska-Kumon Angelika Kmita |
| author_sort | Mariusz Holtzer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | At present, furan resin is the largest selling no-bake system of moulding sands. The most commonly used furan no-bake binders (FNB) are condensation products of furfuryl alcohol (FA) urea, formaldehyde and phenol. They are generally cured by exposure to organic sulfonic acids. FNB provide excellent mold and core strength, cure rapidly and allow the sand to be reclaimed at fairly high yields, generally 75%-80%, especially in applications where due allowance is made for the need to keep total sulfur content below 0.1%. However, due to probable carcinogenic properties of furfuryl alcohol, the EU Directive limits the content of this substance (in a monomer form in resin) to 25%. The classification of furfuryl alcohol and the resulting furan resin products has changed from "harmful" to "toxic" by inhalation? The aim of this study was to determine the effect of free furfuryl alcohol content in the resin on the emission of harmful substances from the BTEX (Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene & Xylene) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) group exposed to high temperature and how it affects the emissions allowance of reclaimed sand in the matrix. Three resins from a leading manufacturer were examined, which contain a free furfuryl alcohol content of 71%-72%, about 50% and < 25%, respectively. The hardener for each resin was 65% aqueous solution of paratoluenesulfonic acid. Tests were carried out in semi-industrial conditions where liquid cast-iron was poured into sample sand mold at 1,350 ìC. The matrix of the studied sands was reclaimed in the amount of 0, 50%, 100%, respectively.
With the increase of free furfuryl alcohol content, the volume of evolved gases decreased. For all resins the main component from the BTEX group dominating in the emitted gases was benzene; however toluene also appeared in the amount of a few percentages. In contrast, ethylbenzene and xylenes occurred only in the gases emitted from resin-bonded sands with the largest furfuryl alcohol content. The increase in the share of reclaimed sands resulted in very significant increase in the volume of gas generated and participation of benzene in these gases. In terms of emission of compounds from the PAHs group virtually for all resins, the total content of these substances was comparable (within the limits of error). The main components were: fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(a) anthracene. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T23:41:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c559557d246b438ea4bd6d4b70a380ef |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1672-6421 1672-6421 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T23:41:28Z |
| publishDate | 2015-11-01 |
| publisher | Foundry Journal Agency |
| record_format | Article |
| series | China Foundry |
| spelling | doaj.art-c559557d246b438ea4bd6d4b70a380ef2022-12-22T03:56:46ZengFoundry Journal AgencyChina Foundry1672-64211672-64212015-11-01126446450Emission of BTEX and PAHs from molding sands with furan cold setting resins containing different contents of free furfuryl alcohol during production of cast ironMariusz Holtzer0Sylwia Zymankowska-Kumon1Angelika Kmita2AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 30-059 Cracow, PolandAGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 30-059 Cracow, PolandAGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, 30-059 Cracow, PolandAt present, furan resin is the largest selling no-bake system of moulding sands. The most commonly used furan no-bake binders (FNB) are condensation products of furfuryl alcohol (FA) urea, formaldehyde and phenol. They are generally cured by exposure to organic sulfonic acids. FNB provide excellent mold and core strength, cure rapidly and allow the sand to be reclaimed at fairly high yields, generally 75%-80%, especially in applications where due allowance is made for the need to keep total sulfur content below 0.1%. However, due to probable carcinogenic properties of furfuryl alcohol, the EU Directive limits the content of this substance (in a monomer form in resin) to 25%. The classification of furfuryl alcohol and the resulting furan resin products has changed from "harmful" to "toxic" by inhalation? The aim of this study was to determine the effect of free furfuryl alcohol content in the resin on the emission of harmful substances from the BTEX (Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene & Xylene) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) group exposed to high temperature and how it affects the emissions allowance of reclaimed sand in the matrix. Three resins from a leading manufacturer were examined, which contain a free furfuryl alcohol content of 71%-72%, about 50% and < 25%, respectively. The hardener for each resin was 65% aqueous solution of paratoluenesulfonic acid. Tests were carried out in semi-industrial conditions where liquid cast-iron was poured into sample sand mold at 1,350 ìC. The matrix of the studied sands was reclaimed in the amount of 0, 50%, 100%, respectively. With the increase of free furfuryl alcohol content, the volume of evolved gases decreased. For all resins the main component from the BTEX group dominating in the emitted gases was benzene; however toluene also appeared in the amount of a few percentages. In contrast, ethylbenzene and xylenes occurred only in the gases emitted from resin-bonded sands with the largest furfuryl alcohol content. The increase in the share of reclaimed sands resulted in very significant increase in the volume of gas generated and participation of benzene in these gases. In terms of emission of compounds from the PAHs group virtually for all resins, the total content of these substances was comparable (within the limits of error). The main components were: fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(a) anthracene.http://ff.foundryworld.com/uploadfile/2015121549514093.pdffoundryfree furfuryl alcoholfuran resinsBTEX and PAHsenvironmental protection |
| spellingShingle | Mariusz Holtzer Sylwia Zymankowska-Kumon Angelika Kmita Emission of BTEX and PAHs from molding sands with furan cold setting resins containing different contents of free furfuryl alcohol during production of cast iron China Foundry foundry free furfuryl alcohol furan resins BTEX and PAHs environmental protection |
| title | Emission of BTEX and PAHs from molding sands with furan cold setting resins containing different contents of free furfuryl alcohol during production of cast iron |
| title_full | Emission of BTEX and PAHs from molding sands with furan cold setting resins containing different contents of free furfuryl alcohol during production of cast iron |
| title_fullStr | Emission of BTEX and PAHs from molding sands with furan cold setting resins containing different contents of free furfuryl alcohol during production of cast iron |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emission of BTEX and PAHs from molding sands with furan cold setting resins containing different contents of free furfuryl alcohol during production of cast iron |
| title_short | Emission of BTEX and PAHs from molding sands with furan cold setting resins containing different contents of free furfuryl alcohol during production of cast iron |
| title_sort | emission of btex and pahs from molding sands with furan cold setting resins containing different contents of free furfuryl alcohol during production of cast iron |
| topic | foundry free furfuryl alcohol furan resins BTEX and PAHs environmental protection |
| url | http://ff.foundryworld.com/uploadfile/2015121549514093.pdf |
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