Acute and Chronic Effects of the Antifouling Booster Biocide Diuron on the Harpacticoid Copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i> Revealed through Multi-Biomarker Determination
Diuron, an additive biocide in antifouling paints, is widely employed to curtail the attachment of organisms on submerged surfaces in aquatic structures. Despite the detection of diuron in aquatic ecosystems, information regarding its acute and chronic impacts on aquatic invertebrates, particularly...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/10/1861 |
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| author | Young-Joo Yun Sung-Ah Kim Jaehee Kim Jae-Sung Rhee |
| author_facet | Young-Joo Yun Sung-Ah Kim Jaehee Kim Jae-Sung Rhee |
| author_sort | Young-Joo Yun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diuron, an additive biocide in antifouling paints, is widely employed to curtail the attachment of organisms on submerged surfaces in aquatic structures. Despite the detection of diuron in aquatic ecosystems, information regarding its acute and chronic impacts on aquatic invertebrates, particularly planktonic crustaceans, remains limited. In this study, we analyzed the acute (24 h) and chronic (12 days exposure across three generations) effects of different concentrations of diuron (1/10 of the no observed effect concentration (NOEC), the NOEC, and 1/10 of the lethal concentration 50% (LC50), derived from the 24 h acute toxicity value of 1152 μg L<sup>−1</sup>) on the harpacticoid copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i>. The acute exposure experiment indicated that the 1/10 LC50 value of diuron significantly reduced the copepod’s feeding rate and acetylcholinesterase activity. In response to the 1/10 LC50 value, the intracellular reactive oxygen species were elevated alongside increased malondialdehyde levels, while the glutathione content was depleted. The enzymatic activities of glutathione <i>S</i>-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were significantly enhanced by the 1/10 LC50 value, suggesting a proactive role of the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress. Conversely, the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes were increased at the NOEC value, while their values were reduced by the 1/10 LC50 value. Chronic exposure to 1/10 NOEC and NOEC values revealed the adverse multigenerational effects of diuron. The second generation exhibited the most sensitivity to diuron, with the NOEC value notably reducing survival rate, body length, nauplius-to-adult development, neonates per brood count, and extending the reproduction period. Taken together, our findings underscore that even sublethal diuron levels can adversely impact copepod populations across generations through intergenerational toxicity. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:09:14Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
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| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-c56df6d9df8945cf86e32a7b4573e9932023-11-19T16:57:43ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122023-09-011110186110.3390/jmse11101861Acute and Chronic Effects of the Antifouling Booster Biocide Diuron on the Harpacticoid Copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i> Revealed through Multi-Biomarker DeterminationYoung-Joo Yun0Sung-Ah Kim1Jaehee Kim2Jae-Sung Rhee3Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of KoreaDiuron, an additive biocide in antifouling paints, is widely employed to curtail the attachment of organisms on submerged surfaces in aquatic structures. Despite the detection of diuron in aquatic ecosystems, information regarding its acute and chronic impacts on aquatic invertebrates, particularly planktonic crustaceans, remains limited. In this study, we analyzed the acute (24 h) and chronic (12 days exposure across three generations) effects of different concentrations of diuron (1/10 of the no observed effect concentration (NOEC), the NOEC, and 1/10 of the lethal concentration 50% (LC50), derived from the 24 h acute toxicity value of 1152 μg L<sup>−1</sup>) on the harpacticoid copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i>. The acute exposure experiment indicated that the 1/10 LC50 value of diuron significantly reduced the copepod’s feeding rate and acetylcholinesterase activity. In response to the 1/10 LC50 value, the intracellular reactive oxygen species were elevated alongside increased malondialdehyde levels, while the glutathione content was depleted. The enzymatic activities of glutathione <i>S</i>-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were significantly enhanced by the 1/10 LC50 value, suggesting a proactive role of the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress. Conversely, the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes were increased at the NOEC value, while their values were reduced by the 1/10 LC50 value. Chronic exposure to 1/10 NOEC and NOEC values revealed the adverse multigenerational effects of diuron. The second generation exhibited the most sensitivity to diuron, with the NOEC value notably reducing survival rate, body length, nauplius-to-adult development, neonates per brood count, and extending the reproduction period. Taken together, our findings underscore that even sublethal diuron levels can adversely impact copepod populations across generations through intergenerational toxicity.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/10/1861diuroncopepodneurotoxicityoxidative stresschronic toxicity |
| spellingShingle | Young-Joo Yun Sung-Ah Kim Jaehee Kim Jae-Sung Rhee Acute and Chronic Effects of the Antifouling Booster Biocide Diuron on the Harpacticoid Copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i> Revealed through Multi-Biomarker Determination Journal of Marine Science and Engineering diuron copepod neurotoxicity oxidative stress chronic toxicity |
| title | Acute and Chronic Effects of the Antifouling Booster Biocide Diuron on the Harpacticoid Copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i> Revealed through Multi-Biomarker Determination |
| title_full | Acute and Chronic Effects of the Antifouling Booster Biocide Diuron on the Harpacticoid Copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i> Revealed through Multi-Biomarker Determination |
| title_fullStr | Acute and Chronic Effects of the Antifouling Booster Biocide Diuron on the Harpacticoid Copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i> Revealed through Multi-Biomarker Determination |
| title_full_unstemmed | Acute and Chronic Effects of the Antifouling Booster Biocide Diuron on the Harpacticoid Copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i> Revealed through Multi-Biomarker Determination |
| title_short | Acute and Chronic Effects of the Antifouling Booster Biocide Diuron on the Harpacticoid Copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i> Revealed through Multi-Biomarker Determination |
| title_sort | acute and chronic effects of the antifouling booster biocide diuron on the harpacticoid copepod i tigriopus japonicus i revealed through multi biomarker determination |
| topic | diuron copepod neurotoxicity oxidative stress chronic toxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/10/1861 |
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