Physiological Response of Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) to Long-Term Exposure to an Anesthetic Obtained from <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i>
Despite the invaluable role of anesthetics as a tool for ensuring animal welfare in stressful situations, there is currently a lack of anesthetic drugs that meet the requirements of intensive aquaculture. In response to the growing interest in anesthetic substances of natural origin, this study eval...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/8/575 |
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| author | Ana Teresa Gonçalves Alejandra Llanos-Rivera Miguel Ruano Veronica Avello Juan José Gallardo-Rodriguez Allisson Astuya-Villalón |
| author_facet | Ana Teresa Gonçalves Alejandra Llanos-Rivera Miguel Ruano Veronica Avello Juan José Gallardo-Rodriguez Allisson Astuya-Villalón |
| author_sort | Ana Teresa Gonçalves |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite the invaluable role of anesthetics as a tool for ensuring animal welfare in stressful situations, there is currently a lack of anesthetic drugs that meet the requirements of intensive aquaculture. In response to the growing interest in anesthetic substances of natural origin, this study evaluated the physiological and health impact of an anesthetic based on an extract of the microalga <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i> on juvenile salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) exposed for a period of 72 h. To simulate a condition closer to reality where fish are subjected to stimuli (e.g., transport), the animals were exposed to 50 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of algal extract and to physical stress. Functional, physiological, and histological parameters were evaluated in blood and tissues at different sampling periods (0, 24, and 72 h). There was no mortality and the induction and recovery times observed were within the established criteria for anesthetic efficacy. The anesthetic extract did not induce any side effects, such as stress or metabolic damage, indicating that this extract is a viable option for supporting fish welfare during deleterious events. This study provides information to support that the anesthetic extract tested, derived from <i>H. akashiwo</i>, is a promising candidate drug for operations requiring sedation (e.g., Salmonid transport). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:48:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c5a762225d254818a4e46996adcfaedf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:48:10Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-c5a762225d254818a4e46996adcfaedf2023-12-02T00:23:40ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-08-0114857510.3390/toxins14080575Physiological Response of Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) to Long-Term Exposure to an Anesthetic Obtained from <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i>Ana Teresa Gonçalves0Alejandra Llanos-Rivera1Miguel Ruano2Veronica Avello3Juan José Gallardo-Rodriguez4Allisson Astuya-Villalón5Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, O’Higgins 1695, Concepción 4030000, ChileLaboratorio de Biotoxinas de la Universidad de Concepción (LBTx-UdeC), Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción 4030000, ChileFishsource Units and Science Division M&E, Sustainable Fisheries Partnership, Honolulu, HI 96816, USALaboratorio de Biotoxinas de la Universidad de Concepción (LBTx-UdeC), Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción 4030000, ChileDepartamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, Carretera Sacramento, Calle San Urbano s/n, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, SpainLaboratorio de Biotoxinas de la Universidad de Concepción (LBTx-UdeC), Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción 4030000, ChileDespite the invaluable role of anesthetics as a tool for ensuring animal welfare in stressful situations, there is currently a lack of anesthetic drugs that meet the requirements of intensive aquaculture. In response to the growing interest in anesthetic substances of natural origin, this study evaluated the physiological and health impact of an anesthetic based on an extract of the microalga <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i> on juvenile salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) exposed for a period of 72 h. To simulate a condition closer to reality where fish are subjected to stimuli (e.g., transport), the animals were exposed to 50 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of algal extract and to physical stress. Functional, physiological, and histological parameters were evaluated in blood and tissues at different sampling periods (0, 24, and 72 h). There was no mortality and the induction and recovery times observed were within the established criteria for anesthetic efficacy. The anesthetic extract did not induce any side effects, such as stress or metabolic damage, indicating that this extract is a viable option for supporting fish welfare during deleterious events. This study provides information to support that the anesthetic extract tested, derived from <i>H. akashiwo</i>, is a promising candidate drug for operations requiring sedation (e.g., Salmonid transport).https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/8/575natural anestheticwelfare practicesAtlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>)physiological response |
| spellingShingle | Ana Teresa Gonçalves Alejandra Llanos-Rivera Miguel Ruano Veronica Avello Juan José Gallardo-Rodriguez Allisson Astuya-Villalón Physiological Response of Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) to Long-Term Exposure to an Anesthetic Obtained from <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i> Toxins natural anesthetic welfare practices Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) physiological response |
| title | Physiological Response of Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) to Long-Term Exposure to an Anesthetic Obtained from <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i> |
| title_full | Physiological Response of Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) to Long-Term Exposure to an Anesthetic Obtained from <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i> |
| title_fullStr | Physiological Response of Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) to Long-Term Exposure to an Anesthetic Obtained from <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physiological Response of Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) to Long-Term Exposure to an Anesthetic Obtained from <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i> |
| title_short | Physiological Response of Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) to Long-Term Exposure to an Anesthetic Obtained from <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i> |
| title_sort | physiological response of atlantic salmon i salmo salar i to long term exposure to an anesthetic obtained from i heterosigma akashiwo i |
| topic | natural anesthetic welfare practices Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) physiological response |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/8/575 |
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