Higher Number of Yeast-like Fungi in the Air in 2018 after an Emergency Discharge of Raw Sewage to the Gulf of Gdańsk—Use of Contingency Tables
This study aimed to investigate the differences between the number of yeast-like fungi and molds in the coastal air of five coastal towns of the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2014–2017 vs. 2018, which saw an emergency discharge of sewage. In 2014–2017, a total of 62 duplicate samples were collected in the coast...
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Symmetry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/8/1522 |
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| author | Małgorzata Michalska Piotr Wąż Monika Kurpas Roman Marks Katarzyna Zorena |
| author_facet | Małgorzata Michalska Piotr Wąż Monika Kurpas Roman Marks Katarzyna Zorena |
| author_sort | Małgorzata Michalska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to investigate the differences between the number of yeast-like fungi and molds in the coastal air of five coastal towns of the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2014–2017 vs. 2018, which saw an emergency discharge of sewage. In 2014–2017, a total of 62 duplicate samples were collected in the coastal towns of Hel, Puck, Gdynia, Sopot, and Gdańsk-Brzeźno. In 2018, after the emergency disposal of raw sewage, 26 air samples were collected. A Pearson chi-squared test of independence showed that during 2018 in Hel and Sopot, the mean number of molds and yeast-like fungi was higher than in 2014–2017. The result was significantly positive, <i>p</i> ≤ 2.22 × 10<sup>−16</sup>. The analysis of the General Asymptotic Symmetry Test showed that in Puck and Gdańsk-Brzeźno, the average number of <i>Aspergillus</i> sp. mold fungi was higher in 2018 after an emergency discharge of sewage into the Gulf of Gdańsk compared to the period 2014–2017. The result was not statistically significant. In addition, the average number of <i>Penicillium</i> sp. molds in 2018 in Gdańsk-Brzeźno was higher than in 2014–2017, but statistically insignificant (<i>p</i> = 0.9593). In 2018, the average number of <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. molds in Sopot was higher, but also statistically insignificant (<i>p</i> = 0.2114) compared to 2014–2017. Our results indicate that the study of the number of yeast-like fungi in the air may indicate coastal areas that may be particularly at risk of bacterial or mycological pathogens, e.g., after an emergency discharge of raw sewage. |
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| issn | 2073-8994 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:19:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Symmetry |
| spelling | doaj.art-c5bdac4c79174d4dabc30d5988df1e6d2023-11-22T10:02:54ZengMDPI AGSymmetry2073-89942021-08-01138152210.3390/sym13081522Higher Number of Yeast-like Fungi in the Air in 2018 after an Emergency Discharge of Raw Sewage to the Gulf of Gdańsk—Use of Contingency TablesMałgorzata Michalska0Piotr Wąż1Monika Kurpas2Roman Marks3Katarzyna Zorena4Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, PolandDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, PolandDepartment of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, PolandInstitute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, 70-383 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, PolandThis study aimed to investigate the differences between the number of yeast-like fungi and molds in the coastal air of five coastal towns of the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2014–2017 vs. 2018, which saw an emergency discharge of sewage. In 2014–2017, a total of 62 duplicate samples were collected in the coastal towns of Hel, Puck, Gdynia, Sopot, and Gdańsk-Brzeźno. In 2018, after the emergency disposal of raw sewage, 26 air samples were collected. A Pearson chi-squared test of independence showed that during 2018 in Hel and Sopot, the mean number of molds and yeast-like fungi was higher than in 2014–2017. The result was significantly positive, <i>p</i> ≤ 2.22 × 10<sup>−16</sup>. The analysis of the General Asymptotic Symmetry Test showed that in Puck and Gdańsk-Brzeźno, the average number of <i>Aspergillus</i> sp. mold fungi was higher in 2018 after an emergency discharge of sewage into the Gulf of Gdańsk compared to the period 2014–2017. The result was not statistically significant. In addition, the average number of <i>Penicillium</i> sp. molds in 2018 in Gdańsk-Brzeźno was higher than in 2014–2017, but statistically insignificant (<i>p</i> = 0.9593). In 2018, the average number of <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. molds in Sopot was higher, but also statistically insignificant (<i>p</i> = 0.2114) compared to 2014–2017. Our results indicate that the study of the number of yeast-like fungi in the air may indicate coastal areas that may be particularly at risk of bacterial or mycological pathogens, e.g., after an emergency discharge of raw sewage.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/8/1522Gulf of Gdanskasymptotic symmetryfive-year monitoring of coastal aircontingency tables |
| spellingShingle | Małgorzata Michalska Piotr Wąż Monika Kurpas Roman Marks Katarzyna Zorena Higher Number of Yeast-like Fungi in the Air in 2018 after an Emergency Discharge of Raw Sewage to the Gulf of Gdańsk—Use of Contingency Tables Symmetry Gulf of Gdansk asymptotic symmetry five-year monitoring of coastal air contingency tables |
| title | Higher Number of Yeast-like Fungi in the Air in 2018 after an Emergency Discharge of Raw Sewage to the Gulf of Gdańsk—Use of Contingency Tables |
| title_full | Higher Number of Yeast-like Fungi in the Air in 2018 after an Emergency Discharge of Raw Sewage to the Gulf of Gdańsk—Use of Contingency Tables |
| title_fullStr | Higher Number of Yeast-like Fungi in the Air in 2018 after an Emergency Discharge of Raw Sewage to the Gulf of Gdańsk—Use of Contingency Tables |
| title_full_unstemmed | Higher Number of Yeast-like Fungi in the Air in 2018 after an Emergency Discharge of Raw Sewage to the Gulf of Gdańsk—Use of Contingency Tables |
| title_short | Higher Number of Yeast-like Fungi in the Air in 2018 after an Emergency Discharge of Raw Sewage to the Gulf of Gdańsk—Use of Contingency Tables |
| title_sort | higher number of yeast like fungi in the air in 2018 after an emergency discharge of raw sewage to the gulf of gdansk use of contingency tables |
| topic | Gulf of Gdansk asymptotic symmetry five-year monitoring of coastal air contingency tables |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/8/1522 |
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