Spirulina Ameliorates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Mice
Background: Rotenone, a chemical compound produced naturally by leguminous plants, has conventionally been used as a pesticide by blocking the uptake of oxygen by body cells. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of spirulina on oxidative damage, inflammation, and neurotoxicity in male mice trea...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
2022-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/ijmtfm/article/view/35583 |
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| author | Marwa E.A. EL- Shamarka Ahmed M.S. Hussein Ola N. Sayed Eman S Said Marwa A Mwaheb |
| author_facet | Marwa E.A. EL- Shamarka Ahmed M.S. Hussein Ola N. Sayed Eman S Said Marwa A Mwaheb |
| author_sort | Marwa E.A. EL- Shamarka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Rotenone, a chemical compound produced naturally by leguminous plants, has conventionally been used as a pesticide by blocking the uptake of oxygen by body cells. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of spirulina on oxidative damage, inflammation, and neurotoxicity in male mice treated by rotenone.
Methods: The experimental animals were divided into 5 groups. Group (I) served as control that received Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO); Group (II) mice treated with rotenone (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.3 times per week); Group (III) mice received rotenone/L-dopa (25 mg/kg, P.O. daily); Group (IV) and Group (V) mice were treated with rotenone/spirulina (200 and 400 mg/kg, P.O. daily) respectively for two weeks.
Results: Rotenone-treated mice indicated impaired motor coordination and activity in wire hanging, wood walking, open field, and stair tests. Furthermore, rotenone treatment caused elevation in striatal levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α), Interleukin -1 beta (IL-1β), and caspase 3 and decrement in Bcl-2; dopamine and Glutathione (GSH) levels. Moreover, severe neuronal degeneration, striatal DNA fragmentation, and increased striatal 8-OHdG levels and MTH1 expression in the rotenone group. Additionally, spirulina treatment prevented rotenone-induced motor deficits striatal DNA fragmentation and demonstrated good restoration of the substantial neurons with reservation of the typical dark appearance. Besides, rotenone-induced biochemical changes were ameliorated by spirulina treatment as dopamine, Bcl-2, and GSH levels were increased, and striatal MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, and caspase 3 levels were decreased.
Conclusion: Natural products like spirulina could reverse rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in male mice due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T18:44:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c618ca67baa84eaeb049c59b3872fce2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2251-8762 2251-8770 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T18:44:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-c618ca67baa84eaeb049c59b3872fce22022-12-22T00:15:34ZengShaheed Beheshti University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine2251-87622251-87702022-03-011213558335583Spirulina Ameliorates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male MiceMarwa E.A. EL- Shamarka 0Ahmed M.S. Hussein 1Ola N. Sayed2Eman S Said3Marwa A Mwaheb4Department of Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and poison, National Research Center, EgyptDepartment of Food Technology , National Research Centre, Cairo, EgyptDepartment of Chemistry- Biochemistry divisions, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Egypt.Department of Pharmacology and toxicology, Faculty of pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia.Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt.Background: Rotenone, a chemical compound produced naturally by leguminous plants, has conventionally been used as a pesticide by blocking the uptake of oxygen by body cells. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of spirulina on oxidative damage, inflammation, and neurotoxicity in male mice treated by rotenone. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into 5 groups. Group (I) served as control that received Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO); Group (II) mice treated with rotenone (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.3 times per week); Group (III) mice received rotenone/L-dopa (25 mg/kg, P.O. daily); Group (IV) and Group (V) mice were treated with rotenone/spirulina (200 and 400 mg/kg, P.O. daily) respectively for two weeks. Results: Rotenone-treated mice indicated impaired motor coordination and activity in wire hanging, wood walking, open field, and stair tests. Furthermore, rotenone treatment caused elevation in striatal levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α), Interleukin -1 beta (IL-1β), and caspase 3 and decrement in Bcl-2; dopamine and Glutathione (GSH) levels. Moreover, severe neuronal degeneration, striatal DNA fragmentation, and increased striatal 8-OHdG levels and MTH1 expression in the rotenone group. Additionally, spirulina treatment prevented rotenone-induced motor deficits striatal DNA fragmentation and demonstrated good restoration of the substantial neurons with reservation of the typical dark appearance. Besides, rotenone-induced biochemical changes were ameliorated by spirulina treatment as dopamine, Bcl-2, and GSH levels were increased, and striatal MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, and caspase 3 levels were decreased. Conclusion: Natural products like spirulina could reverse rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in male mice due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/ijmtfm/article/view/35583spirulinaneurotoxicityrotenoneoxidative stressinflammationparkinson’s disease |
| spellingShingle | Marwa E.A. EL- Shamarka Ahmed M.S. Hussein Ola N. Sayed Eman S Said Marwa A Mwaheb Spirulina Ameliorates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Mice International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine spirulina neurotoxicity rotenone oxidative stress inflammation parkinson’s disease |
| title | Spirulina Ameliorates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Mice |
| title_full | Spirulina Ameliorates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Mice |
| title_fullStr | Spirulina Ameliorates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spirulina Ameliorates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Mice |
| title_short | Spirulina Ameliorates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Mice |
| title_sort | spirulina ameliorates oxidative damage and inflammation in rotenone induced neurotoxicity in male mice |
| topic | spirulina neurotoxicity rotenone oxidative stress inflammation parkinson’s disease |
| url | https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/ijmtfm/article/view/35583 |
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