Immunopathology of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response in Disease Progression
More than 250 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B despite the availability of highly effective vaccines and oral antivirals. Although innate and adaptive immune cells play crucial roles in controlling hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, they are also accountable for inflammation and su...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-05-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/11/5497 |
| _version_ | 1797533021440573440 |
|---|---|
| author | Arshi Khanam Joel V. Chua Shyam Kottilil |
| author_facet | Arshi Khanam Joel V. Chua Shyam Kottilil |
| author_sort | Arshi Khanam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | More than 250 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B despite the availability of highly effective vaccines and oral antivirals. Although innate and adaptive immune cells play crucial roles in controlling hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, they are also accountable for inflammation and subsequently cause liver pathologies. During the initial phase of HBV infection, innate immunity is triggered leading to antiviral cytokines production, followed by activation and intrahepatic recruitment of the adaptive immune system resulting in successful virus elimination. In chronic HBV infection, significant alterations in both innate and adaptive immunity including expansion of regulatory cells, overexpression of co-inhibitory receptors, presence of abundant inflammatory mediators, and modifications in immune cell derived exosome release and function occurs, which overpower antiviral response leading to persistent viral infection and subsequent immune pathologies associated with disease progression towards fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of innate and adaptive immune cells transformations that are associated with immunopathogenesis and disease outcome in CHB patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:08:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c61de352fe944772aef42364e24bb84e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:08:41Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-c61de352fe944772aef42364e24bb84e2023-11-21T21:00:43ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-05-012211549710.3390/ijms22115497Immunopathology of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response in Disease ProgressionArshi Khanam0Joel V. Chua1Shyam Kottilil2Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USADivision of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USADivision of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USAMore than 250 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B despite the availability of highly effective vaccines and oral antivirals. Although innate and adaptive immune cells play crucial roles in controlling hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, they are also accountable for inflammation and subsequently cause liver pathologies. During the initial phase of HBV infection, innate immunity is triggered leading to antiviral cytokines production, followed by activation and intrahepatic recruitment of the adaptive immune system resulting in successful virus elimination. In chronic HBV infection, significant alterations in both innate and adaptive immunity including expansion of regulatory cells, overexpression of co-inhibitory receptors, presence of abundant inflammatory mediators, and modifications in immune cell derived exosome release and function occurs, which overpower antiviral response leading to persistent viral infection and subsequent immune pathologies associated with disease progression towards fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of innate and adaptive immune cells transformations that are associated with immunopathogenesis and disease outcome in CHB patients.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/11/5497CHBinnate immune cellsadaptive immune cellsinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Arshi Khanam Joel V. Chua Shyam Kottilil Immunopathology of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response in Disease Progression International Journal of Molecular Sciences CHB innate immune cells adaptive immune cells inflammation |
| title | Immunopathology of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response in Disease Progression |
| title_full | Immunopathology of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response in Disease Progression |
| title_fullStr | Immunopathology of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response in Disease Progression |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunopathology of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response in Disease Progression |
| title_short | Immunopathology of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response in Disease Progression |
| title_sort | immunopathology of chronic hepatitis b infection role of innate and adaptive immune response in disease progression |
| topic | CHB innate immune cells adaptive immune cells inflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/11/5497 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT arshikhanam immunopathologyofchronichepatitisbinfectionroleofinnateandadaptiveimmuneresponseindiseaseprogression AT joelvchua immunopathologyofchronichepatitisbinfectionroleofinnateandadaptiveimmuneresponseindiseaseprogression AT shyamkottilil immunopathologyofchronichepatitisbinfectionroleofinnateandadaptiveimmuneresponseindiseaseprogression |