AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) Battery
Increasing demand to store intermittent renewable electricity from, e.g., photovoltaic and wind energy, has led to much research and development in large-scale stationary energy storage, for example, ZEBRA batteries (Na-NiCl<sub>2</sub> solid electrolyte batteries). Replacing Ni with abu...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Batteries |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/9/8/401 |
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| author | Sumit Kumar Wenjin Ding Ralf Hoffmann Louis Sieuw Meike V. F. Heinz Norbert Weber Alexander Bonk |
| author_facet | Sumit Kumar Wenjin Ding Ralf Hoffmann Louis Sieuw Meike V. F. Heinz Norbert Weber Alexander Bonk |
| author_sort | Sumit Kumar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Increasing demand to store intermittent renewable electricity from, e.g., photovoltaic and wind energy, has led to much research and development in large-scale stationary energy storage, for example, ZEBRA batteries (Na-NiCl<sub>2</sub> solid electrolyte batteries). Replacing Ni with abundant and low-cost Zn makes the ZEBRA battery more cost-effective. However, few studies were performed on this next-generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) battery system, particularly on its AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> secondary electrolyte. Its properties such as phase diagrams and vapor pressures are vital for the cell design and optimization. In our previous work, a simulation-assisted method for molten salt electrolyte selection has shown its successful application in development of molten salt batteries. The same method is used here to in-depth study the AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> salt electrolyte in terms of its phase diagrams and vapor pressures via FactSage<sup>TM</sup> and thermo-analytical techniques (Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and OptiMelt<sup>TM</sup>), and their effects on battery performance such as operation safety and charging/discharging reaction mechanism. The DSC and OptiMelt results show that the experimental data such as melting temperatures and phase changes agree well with the simulated phase diagrams. Moreover, the FactSage<sup>TM</sup> simulation shows that the salt vapor pressure increases significantly with increasing temperature and molar fraction of AlCl<sub>3</sub>. The obtained phase diagrams and vapor pressures will be used in the secondary electrolyte selection, cell design and battery operation. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:07:50Z |
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| series | Batteries |
| spelling | doaj.art-c63a804f47e94e9888de04868388c5e02023-11-19T00:15:40ZengMDPI AGBatteries2313-01052023-08-019840110.3390/batteries9080401AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) BatterySumit Kumar0Wenjin Ding1Ralf Hoffmann2Louis Sieuw3Meike V. F. Heinz4Norbert Weber5Alexander Bonk6Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyInstitute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyInstitute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyEmpa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, SwitzerlandEmpa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, SwitzerlandHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, GermanyInstitute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyIncreasing demand to store intermittent renewable electricity from, e.g., photovoltaic and wind energy, has led to much research and development in large-scale stationary energy storage, for example, ZEBRA batteries (Na-NiCl<sub>2</sub> solid electrolyte batteries). Replacing Ni with abundant and low-cost Zn makes the ZEBRA battery more cost-effective. However, few studies were performed on this next-generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) battery system, particularly on its AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> secondary electrolyte. Its properties such as phase diagrams and vapor pressures are vital for the cell design and optimization. In our previous work, a simulation-assisted method for molten salt electrolyte selection has shown its successful application in development of molten salt batteries. The same method is used here to in-depth study the AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> salt electrolyte in terms of its phase diagrams and vapor pressures via FactSage<sup>TM</sup> and thermo-analytical techniques (Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and OptiMelt<sup>TM</sup>), and their effects on battery performance such as operation safety and charging/discharging reaction mechanism. The DSC and OptiMelt results show that the experimental data such as melting temperatures and phase changes agree well with the simulated phase diagrams. Moreover, the FactSage<sup>TM</sup> simulation shows that the salt vapor pressure increases significantly with increasing temperature and molar fraction of AlCl<sub>3</sub>. The obtained phase diagrams and vapor pressures will be used in the secondary electrolyte selection, cell design and battery operation.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/9/8/401differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)FactSage<sup>TM</sup> thermodynamic simulationgrid storagephase diagramsalt vapor pressure |
| spellingShingle | Sumit Kumar Wenjin Ding Ralf Hoffmann Louis Sieuw Meike V. F. Heinz Norbert Weber Alexander Bonk AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) Battery Batteries differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) FactSage<sup>TM</sup> thermodynamic simulation grid storage phase diagram salt vapor pressure |
| title | AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) Battery |
| title_full | AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) Battery |
| title_fullStr | AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) Battery |
| title_full_unstemmed | AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) Battery |
| title_short | AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaCl-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) Battery |
| title_sort | alcl sub 3 sub nacl zncl sub 2 sub secondary electrolyte in next generation zebra na zncl sub 2 sub battery |
| topic | differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) FactSage<sup>TM</sup> thermodynamic simulation grid storage phase diagram salt vapor pressure |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/9/8/401 |
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