Danish Validation of a Retronasal Olfactory Powder Test and Development of a Novel Quick Retronasal Olfactory Test
Introduction Quality of life is closely linked to retronasal olfactory function. Familiarity with odors vary, so tests need validation. Testing can be time-consuming, so a quick test and a thorough test are needed for clinical and research settings. Objectives The objectives of this study...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
2022-10-01
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| Series: | International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0041-1740597 |
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| author | Andreas Steenholt Niklassen Sukanya Sakthivel Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad Therese Ovesen |
| author_facet | Andreas Steenholt Niklassen Sukanya Sakthivel Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad Therese Ovesen |
| author_sort | Andreas Steenholt Niklassen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction Quality of life is closely linked to retronasal olfactory function. Familiarity with odors vary, so tests need validation. Testing can be time-consuming, so a quick test and a thorough test are needed for clinical and research settings.
Objectives The objectives of this study were to validate the original retronasal powder olfactory test in a Danish population and to develop a novel quick retronasal test for easy application.
Methods Ninety-seven participants were included in the study, 59 healthy controls and 38 patients with olfactory impairment. The retronasal test was modified by substituting unfamiliar odors and descriptors and validated with a criterion of correct identification rate of 50% in the original test and 90% in the quick test. Items with over 90% correct identification rate in the modified original test were included in the quick test, resulting in a 10-item test.
Results The modified retronasal olfactory test achieved good test characteristics, with a 10th percentile cut-off value of 13: sensitivity was 88.9%, specificity 83.0%, positive predictive value 78%, negative predictive value 91.7%, and the receiver operating characteristics area under the curve (ROC-AUC) was 0.86. The quick test achieved acceptable test characteristics, with a 10th percentile cut-off value of 8.2: sensitivity was 72.2%, specificity 90.6%, positive predictive value 83.9%, negative predictive value was 82.8%, and ROC-AUC 0.81.
Conclusion Validation of both tests demonstrated satisfactory accuracy. We recommend the quick test for screening purposes, and the modified original version for a thorough evaluation. The tests are easily implemented as they are easy to understand and very affordable. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:09:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c652f22440724bdcaf4fc14ce7113b37 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1809-9777 1809-4864 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:09:32Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology |
| spelling | doaj.art-c652f22440724bdcaf4fc14ce7113b372022-12-22T04:35:26ZengThieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology1809-97771809-48642022-10-012604e615e62310.1055/s-0041-1740597Danish Validation of a Retronasal Olfactory Powder Test and Development of a Novel Quick Retronasal Olfactory TestAndreas Steenholt Niklassen0Sukanya Sakthivel1Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad2Therese Ovesen3University Clinic for Flavour, Balance and Sleep, Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Regional Hospital Gødstrup, Herning, DenmarkDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkUniversity Clinic for Flavour, Balance and Sleep, Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Regional Hospital Gødstrup, Herning, DenmarkUniversity Clinic for Flavour, Balance and Sleep, Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Regional Hospital Gødstrup, Herning, DenmarkIntroduction Quality of life is closely linked to retronasal olfactory function. Familiarity with odors vary, so tests need validation. Testing can be time-consuming, so a quick test and a thorough test are needed for clinical and research settings. Objectives The objectives of this study were to validate the original retronasal powder olfactory test in a Danish population and to develop a novel quick retronasal test for easy application. Methods Ninety-seven participants were included in the study, 59 healthy controls and 38 patients with olfactory impairment. The retronasal test was modified by substituting unfamiliar odors and descriptors and validated with a criterion of correct identification rate of 50% in the original test and 90% in the quick test. Items with over 90% correct identification rate in the modified original test were included in the quick test, resulting in a 10-item test. Results The modified retronasal olfactory test achieved good test characteristics, with a 10th percentile cut-off value of 13: sensitivity was 88.9%, specificity 83.0%, positive predictive value 78%, negative predictive value 91.7%, and the receiver operating characteristics area under the curve (ROC-AUC) was 0.86. The quick test achieved acceptable test characteristics, with a 10th percentile cut-off value of 8.2: sensitivity was 72.2%, specificity 90.6%, positive predictive value 83.9%, negative predictive value was 82.8%, and ROC-AUC 0.81. Conclusion Validation of both tests demonstrated satisfactory accuracy. We recommend the quick test for screening purposes, and the modified original version for a thorough evaluation. The tests are easily implemented as they are easy to understand and very affordable.http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0041-1740597smellolfaction disordersanosmiadiagnosisvalidation study |
| spellingShingle | Andreas Steenholt Niklassen Sukanya Sakthivel Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad Therese Ovesen Danish Validation of a Retronasal Olfactory Powder Test and Development of a Novel Quick Retronasal Olfactory Test International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology smell olfaction disorders anosmia diagnosis validation study |
| title | Danish Validation of a Retronasal Olfactory Powder Test and Development of a Novel Quick Retronasal Olfactory Test |
| title_full | Danish Validation of a Retronasal Olfactory Powder Test and Development of a Novel Quick Retronasal Olfactory Test |
| title_fullStr | Danish Validation of a Retronasal Olfactory Powder Test and Development of a Novel Quick Retronasal Olfactory Test |
| title_full_unstemmed | Danish Validation of a Retronasal Olfactory Powder Test and Development of a Novel Quick Retronasal Olfactory Test |
| title_short | Danish Validation of a Retronasal Olfactory Powder Test and Development of a Novel Quick Retronasal Olfactory Test |
| title_sort | danish validation of a retronasal olfactory powder test and development of a novel quick retronasal olfactory test |
| topic | smell olfaction disorders anosmia diagnosis validation study |
| url | http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0041-1740597 |
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