An <i>Abies</i> Extract Containing Nonvolatile Polyphenols Shows Virucidal Activity against SARS-CoV-2 That Is Enhanced in Increased pH Conditions
Researching the beneficial health properties of wood byproducts can prevent wastage by turning them into valuable resources. In this study, the virucidal activity of two extracts from <i>Abies sachalinensis</i> byproducts, ASE1, and ASE2, against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronav...
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/9/1093 |
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| author | Imane Maaroufi Dulamjav Jamsransuren Koh Hashida Sachiko Matsuda Haruko Ogawa Yohei Takeda |
| author_facet | Imane Maaroufi Dulamjav Jamsransuren Koh Hashida Sachiko Matsuda Haruko Ogawa Yohei Takeda |
| author_sort | Imane Maaroufi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Researching the beneficial health properties of wood byproducts can prevent wastage by turning them into valuable resources. In this study, the virucidal activity of two extracts from <i>Abies sachalinensis</i> byproducts, ASE1, and ASE2, against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was investigated. ASE1 is rich in monoterpenoid volatile compounds, whereas ASE2 contains nonvolatile polyphenols. SARS-CoV-2 solutions were mixed with ASE1 or ASE2, and viral titer reduction was evaluated. At their original acidic pH, ASE2 showed stronger virucidal activity than ASE1. The virucidal activity of ASE2 was also significantly enhanced when pH was increased to neutral or basic, which was not the case for ASE1. At a neutral pH, ASE2 induced statistically significant viral titer reduction in 1 min. HCl and NaOH solutions, which had a pH close to that of acidic and basic ASE2 test mixtures, respectively, exhibited no virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2. Among the SARS-CoV-2 variants, Omicron showed the highest vulnerability to ASE2. Western blotting, RT-PCR, and electron microscopic analysis revealed that neutral ASE2 interacts with SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and moderately disrupts the SARS-CoV-2 genome and viral envelope. These findings reveal the virucidal potential of ASE2. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:18:43Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:18:43Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-c68017c922204936a499be468c61cc552023-11-19T12:21:55ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-08-01129109310.3390/pathogens12091093An <i>Abies</i> Extract Containing Nonvolatile Polyphenols Shows Virucidal Activity against SARS-CoV-2 That Is Enhanced in Increased pH ConditionsImane Maaroufi0Dulamjav Jamsransuren1Koh Hashida2Sachiko Matsuda3Haruko Ogawa4Yohei Takeda5Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanResearch Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanDepartment of Forest Resources Chemistry, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, JapanResearch Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanResearch Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanResearching the beneficial health properties of wood byproducts can prevent wastage by turning them into valuable resources. In this study, the virucidal activity of two extracts from <i>Abies sachalinensis</i> byproducts, ASE1, and ASE2, against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was investigated. ASE1 is rich in monoterpenoid volatile compounds, whereas ASE2 contains nonvolatile polyphenols. SARS-CoV-2 solutions were mixed with ASE1 or ASE2, and viral titer reduction was evaluated. At their original acidic pH, ASE2 showed stronger virucidal activity than ASE1. The virucidal activity of ASE2 was also significantly enhanced when pH was increased to neutral or basic, which was not the case for ASE1. At a neutral pH, ASE2 induced statistically significant viral titer reduction in 1 min. HCl and NaOH solutions, which had a pH close to that of acidic and basic ASE2 test mixtures, respectively, exhibited no virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2. Among the SARS-CoV-2 variants, Omicron showed the highest vulnerability to ASE2. Western blotting, RT-PCR, and electron microscopic analysis revealed that neutral ASE2 interacts with SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and moderately disrupts the SARS-CoV-2 genome and viral envelope. These findings reveal the virucidal potential of ASE2.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/9/1093<i>Abies</i>coniferCOVID-19phytochemicalspolyphenolsSARS-CoV-2 |
| spellingShingle | Imane Maaroufi Dulamjav Jamsransuren Koh Hashida Sachiko Matsuda Haruko Ogawa Yohei Takeda An <i>Abies</i> Extract Containing Nonvolatile Polyphenols Shows Virucidal Activity against SARS-CoV-2 That Is Enhanced in Increased pH Conditions Pathogens <i>Abies</i> conifer COVID-19 phytochemicals polyphenols SARS-CoV-2 |
| title | An <i>Abies</i> Extract Containing Nonvolatile Polyphenols Shows Virucidal Activity against SARS-CoV-2 That Is Enhanced in Increased pH Conditions |
| title_full | An <i>Abies</i> Extract Containing Nonvolatile Polyphenols Shows Virucidal Activity against SARS-CoV-2 That Is Enhanced in Increased pH Conditions |
| title_fullStr | An <i>Abies</i> Extract Containing Nonvolatile Polyphenols Shows Virucidal Activity against SARS-CoV-2 That Is Enhanced in Increased pH Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | An <i>Abies</i> Extract Containing Nonvolatile Polyphenols Shows Virucidal Activity against SARS-CoV-2 That Is Enhanced in Increased pH Conditions |
| title_short | An <i>Abies</i> Extract Containing Nonvolatile Polyphenols Shows Virucidal Activity against SARS-CoV-2 That Is Enhanced in Increased pH Conditions |
| title_sort | i abies i extract containing nonvolatile polyphenols shows virucidal activity against sars cov 2 that is enhanced in increased ph conditions |
| topic | <i>Abies</i> conifer COVID-19 phytochemicals polyphenols SARS-CoV-2 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/9/1093 |
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