Intelligent-Responsive Enrofloxacin-Loaded Chitosan Oligosaccharide–Sodium Alginate Composite Core-Shell Nanogels for On-Demand Release in the Intestine
Enrofloxacin has a poor palatability and causes strong gastric irritation; the oral formulation of enrofloxacin is unavailable, which limits the treatment of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) infections via oral administration. To overcome the difficulty in treating in...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/19/2701 |
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| author | Wanhe Luo Mujie Ju Jinhuan Liu Samah Attia Algharib Ali Sobhy Dawood Shuyu Xie |
| author_facet | Wanhe Luo Mujie Ju Jinhuan Liu Samah Attia Algharib Ali Sobhy Dawood Shuyu Xie |
| author_sort | Wanhe Luo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Enrofloxacin has a poor palatability and causes strong gastric irritation; the oral formulation of enrofloxacin is unavailable, which limits the treatment of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) infections via oral administration. To overcome the difficulty in treating intestinal <i>E. coli</i> infections, an oral intelligent-responsive chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS)–sodium alginate (SA) composite core-shell nanogel loaded with enrofloxacin was explored. The formulation screening, characteristics, pH-responsive performance in gastric juice and the intestinal tract, antibacterial effects, therapeutic effects, and biosafety level of the enrofloxacin composite nanogels were investigated. The optimized concentrations of COS, SA, CaCl<sub>2</sub>, and enrofloxacin were 8, 8, 0.2, and 5 mg/mL, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency, size, loading capacity, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of the optimized formulation were 72.4 ± 0.8%, 143.5 ± 2.6 nm, 26.6 ± 0.5%, −37.5 ± 1.5 mV, and 0.12 ± 0.07, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that enrofloxacin-loaded nanogels were incorporated into the nano-sized cross-linked networks. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the nanogels were prepared by the electrostatic interaction of the differently charged groups (positive amino groups (-NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>) of COS and the negative phenolic hydroxyl groups (-COO<sup>−</sup>) of SA). In vitro, pH-responsive release performances revealed effective pH-responsive performances, which can help facilitate targeted “on-demand” release at the target site and ensure that the enrofloxacin has an ideal stability in the stomach and a responsive release in the intestinal tract. The antibacterial activity study demonstrated that more effective bactericidal activity against <i>E. coli</i> could have a better treatment effect than the enrofloxacin solution. Furthermore, the enrofloxacin composite nanogels had great biocompatibility. Thus, the enrofloxacin composite core-shell nanogels might be an oral intelligent-responsive preparation to overcome the difficulty in treating intestinal bacterial infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:07:51Z |
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| id | doaj.art-c69ee8788eae4e5c995c8c9af4bea2c4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:07:51Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
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| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-c69ee8788eae4e5c995c8c9af4bea2c42023-11-23T19:38:21ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152022-10-011219270110.3390/ani12192701Intelligent-Responsive Enrofloxacin-Loaded Chitosan Oligosaccharide–Sodium Alginate Composite Core-Shell Nanogels for On-Demand Release in the IntestineWanhe Luo0Mujie Ju1Jinhuan Liu2Samah Attia Algharib3Ali Sobhy Dawood4Shuyu Xie5Engineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, ChinaEngineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, ChinaEngineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, EgyptNational Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaNational Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaEnrofloxacin has a poor palatability and causes strong gastric irritation; the oral formulation of enrofloxacin is unavailable, which limits the treatment of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) infections via oral administration. To overcome the difficulty in treating intestinal <i>E. coli</i> infections, an oral intelligent-responsive chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS)–sodium alginate (SA) composite core-shell nanogel loaded with enrofloxacin was explored. The formulation screening, characteristics, pH-responsive performance in gastric juice and the intestinal tract, antibacterial effects, therapeutic effects, and biosafety level of the enrofloxacin composite nanogels were investigated. The optimized concentrations of COS, SA, CaCl<sub>2</sub>, and enrofloxacin were 8, 8, 0.2, and 5 mg/mL, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency, size, loading capacity, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of the optimized formulation were 72.4 ± 0.8%, 143.5 ± 2.6 nm, 26.6 ± 0.5%, −37.5 ± 1.5 mV, and 0.12 ± 0.07, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that enrofloxacin-loaded nanogels were incorporated into the nano-sized cross-linked networks. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the nanogels were prepared by the electrostatic interaction of the differently charged groups (positive amino groups (-NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>) of COS and the negative phenolic hydroxyl groups (-COO<sup>−</sup>) of SA). In vitro, pH-responsive release performances revealed effective pH-responsive performances, which can help facilitate targeted “on-demand” release at the target site and ensure that the enrofloxacin has an ideal stability in the stomach and a responsive release in the intestinal tract. The antibacterial activity study demonstrated that more effective bactericidal activity against <i>E. coli</i> could have a better treatment effect than the enrofloxacin solution. Furthermore, the enrofloxacin composite nanogels had great biocompatibility. Thus, the enrofloxacin composite core-shell nanogels might be an oral intelligent-responsive preparation to overcome the difficulty in treating intestinal bacterial infections.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/19/2701enrofloxacinintestinal infectionnanogels<i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>)on-demand release |
| spellingShingle | Wanhe Luo Mujie Ju Jinhuan Liu Samah Attia Algharib Ali Sobhy Dawood Shuyu Xie Intelligent-Responsive Enrofloxacin-Loaded Chitosan Oligosaccharide–Sodium Alginate Composite Core-Shell Nanogels for On-Demand Release in the Intestine Animals enrofloxacin intestinal infection nanogels <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) on-demand release |
| title | Intelligent-Responsive Enrofloxacin-Loaded Chitosan Oligosaccharide–Sodium Alginate Composite Core-Shell Nanogels for On-Demand Release in the Intestine |
| title_full | Intelligent-Responsive Enrofloxacin-Loaded Chitosan Oligosaccharide–Sodium Alginate Composite Core-Shell Nanogels for On-Demand Release in the Intestine |
| title_fullStr | Intelligent-Responsive Enrofloxacin-Loaded Chitosan Oligosaccharide–Sodium Alginate Composite Core-Shell Nanogels for On-Demand Release in the Intestine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intelligent-Responsive Enrofloxacin-Loaded Chitosan Oligosaccharide–Sodium Alginate Composite Core-Shell Nanogels for On-Demand Release in the Intestine |
| title_short | Intelligent-Responsive Enrofloxacin-Loaded Chitosan Oligosaccharide–Sodium Alginate Composite Core-Shell Nanogels for On-Demand Release in the Intestine |
| title_sort | intelligent responsive enrofloxacin loaded chitosan oligosaccharide sodium alginate composite core shell nanogels for on demand release in the intestine |
| topic | enrofloxacin intestinal infection nanogels <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) on-demand release |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/19/2701 |
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