Use of Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in a Multi-Technique Approach for Physical Characterization of Purple Urine Bag Syndrome
Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is a rare condition characterized by purple discoloration of urine and urine bags. Although it is benign, it represents an alarming symptom to the patients and their relatives because of purple discoloration. We have physically characterized urine and urine bags belo...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| author | Giuseppe Acri Carlo Sansotta Francesca Maria Salmeri Marco Romeo Elisa V. Ruello Lucia Denaro Barbara Testagrossa |
| author_facet | Giuseppe Acri Carlo Sansotta Francesca Maria Salmeri Marco Romeo Elisa V. Ruello Lucia Denaro Barbara Testagrossa |
| author_sort | Giuseppe Acri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is a rare condition characterized by purple discoloration of urine and urine bags. Although it is benign, it represents an alarming symptom to the patients and their relatives because of purple discoloration. We have physically characterized urine and urine bags belonging to a patient suffering from PUBS using an approach that combines Raman spectroscopy (RS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Five “blue” discolored bags and one sterile urine bag, representing the control, were cut into 1 cm<sup>2</sup> square samples and analyzed by using RS and SEM + EDX technique. RS enabled us to identify the presence of indigo, a metabolite of tryptophan, while SEM analysis showed the biofilm deposit, probably due to the presence of microorganisms, and the EDX measurements exhibited the elemental composition of the bags. In particular, urine bags before and after the presence of PUBS urine showed an increase of ~32% of Cl, ~33% of O, ~667% of Ca, ~65% of Al and Mg, while C decreased by about 41%. Our results, to be taken as a proof-of-principle study, are promising for the aim to characterizing the urine bags in a flexible, inexpensive, and comprehensive manner. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:11:24Z |
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| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:11:24Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-c6b3831ea8c74d5197d1d216698750442023-12-01T00:43:49ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-04-01128403410.3390/app12084034Use of Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in a Multi-Technique Approach for Physical Characterization of Purple Urine Bag SyndromeGiuseppe Acri0Carlo Sansotta1Francesca Maria Salmeri2Marco Romeo3Elisa V. Ruello4Lucia Denaro5Barbara Testagrossa6Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, 98122 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, 98122 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, 98122 Messina, ItalyCarabinieri Department Forensic Science Investigations, 98121 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, 98122 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, 98122 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, 98122 Messina, ItalyPurple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is a rare condition characterized by purple discoloration of urine and urine bags. Although it is benign, it represents an alarming symptom to the patients and their relatives because of purple discoloration. We have physically characterized urine and urine bags belonging to a patient suffering from PUBS using an approach that combines Raman spectroscopy (RS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Five “blue” discolored bags and one sterile urine bag, representing the control, were cut into 1 cm<sup>2</sup> square samples and analyzed by using RS and SEM + EDX technique. RS enabled us to identify the presence of indigo, a metabolite of tryptophan, while SEM analysis showed the biofilm deposit, probably due to the presence of microorganisms, and the EDX measurements exhibited the elemental composition of the bags. In particular, urine bags before and after the presence of PUBS urine showed an increase of ~32% of Cl, ~33% of O, ~667% of Ca, ~65% of Al and Mg, while C decreased by about 41%. Our results, to be taken as a proof-of-principle study, are promising for the aim to characterizing the urine bags in a flexible, inexpensive, and comprehensive manner.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/8/4034multi-techniquespectrometersRSSEMEDXPUBS |
| spellingShingle | Giuseppe Acri Carlo Sansotta Francesca Maria Salmeri Marco Romeo Elisa V. Ruello Lucia Denaro Barbara Testagrossa Use of Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in a Multi-Technique Approach for Physical Characterization of Purple Urine Bag Syndrome Applied Sciences multi-technique spectrometers RS SEM EDX PUBS |
| title | Use of Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in a Multi-Technique Approach for Physical Characterization of Purple Urine Bag Syndrome |
| title_full | Use of Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in a Multi-Technique Approach for Physical Characterization of Purple Urine Bag Syndrome |
| title_fullStr | Use of Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in a Multi-Technique Approach for Physical Characterization of Purple Urine Bag Syndrome |
| title_full_unstemmed | Use of Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in a Multi-Technique Approach for Physical Characterization of Purple Urine Bag Syndrome |
| title_short | Use of Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in a Multi-Technique Approach for Physical Characterization of Purple Urine Bag Syndrome |
| title_sort | use of raman spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x ray spectroscopy in a multi technique approach for physical characterization of purple urine bag syndrome |
| topic | multi-technique spectrometers RS SEM EDX PUBS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/8/4034 |
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