Sample Preparation of Cosmetic Products for the Determination of Heavy Metals
The sample preparation of a cosmetic specimen in Cosmetic Science for the purpose of determining the analytical composition of heavy and toxic metals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) is of particular importance due to the difficulty of handling the sample. There are tw...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Cosmetics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/9/1/21 |
| _version_ | 1797481579070619648 |
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| author | Apostolos Papadopoulos Nikos Assimomytis Athanasia Varvaresou |
| author_facet | Apostolos Papadopoulos Nikos Assimomytis Athanasia Varvaresou |
| author_sort | Apostolos Papadopoulos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The sample preparation of a cosmetic specimen in Cosmetic Science for the purpose of determining the analytical composition of heavy and toxic metals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) is of particular importance due to the difficulty of handling the sample. There are two main methods of sample preparation. The first method is the wet digestion of the sample with strong acids such as H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>, HF, and HNO<sub>3</sub>/HCl (1:3) and the combination of a strong acid with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Liquid digestion of the sample under the influence of strong acids damages the organic material of the sample and converts the carbon into carbon dioxide. The contained metals are oxidized to the highest oxidizing step and converted to soluble salts. A problem with this method is the loss of metals during digestion because it occurs at high temperatures as well as the decrease in the concentration of the residual acid. The second method of preparation is the wet liquid digestion of the sample with strong acids in a microwave oven in a closed vessel. The acids that are used are mainly HNO<sub>3</sub> or mixtures of acids such as HNO<sub>3</sub>–HCl and HNO<sub>3</sub>–H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. When the sample in the acid’s solvent is exposed to microwave energy, it can reach temperatures substantially above the boiling temperature of the acid solution. The result is the decomposition of the organic material, the oxidation of the metals, and their conversion to soluble nitrates. The advantages of using microwaves are the ability to control the temperature, pressure, and loss of metals and, thus, avoid erroneous measurement results. Simultaneously with the above, extraction methods have been, for almost a decade, very effective complementary processes that we can use to enrich a sample of a cosmetic product. Liquid–liquid dispersion micro-extraction (DLLME) and solid phase extraction (SPE) are the two main methods used in sample preparation and are usually applied after the digestion process. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:16:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c6baccf75d3049bd858eb558debf21a0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9284 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:16:37Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cosmetics |
| spelling | doaj.art-c6baccf75d3049bd858eb558debf21a02023-11-23T19:23:12ZengMDPI AGCosmetics2079-92842022-02-01912110.3390/cosmetics9010021Sample Preparation of Cosmetic Products for the Determination of Heavy MetalsApostolos Papadopoulos0Nikos Assimomytis1Athanasia Varvaresou2Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Sector of Aesthetic and Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spiridonos Str., Campus Egaleo Park, 12243 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Sector of Aesthetic and Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spiridonos Str., Campus Egaleo Park, 12243 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Sector of Aesthetic and Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spiridonos Str., Campus Egaleo Park, 12243 Athens, GreeceThe sample preparation of a cosmetic specimen in Cosmetic Science for the purpose of determining the analytical composition of heavy and toxic metals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) is of particular importance due to the difficulty of handling the sample. There are two main methods of sample preparation. The first method is the wet digestion of the sample with strong acids such as H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>, HF, and HNO<sub>3</sub>/HCl (1:3) and the combination of a strong acid with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Liquid digestion of the sample under the influence of strong acids damages the organic material of the sample and converts the carbon into carbon dioxide. The contained metals are oxidized to the highest oxidizing step and converted to soluble salts. A problem with this method is the loss of metals during digestion because it occurs at high temperatures as well as the decrease in the concentration of the residual acid. The second method of preparation is the wet liquid digestion of the sample with strong acids in a microwave oven in a closed vessel. The acids that are used are mainly HNO<sub>3</sub> or mixtures of acids such as HNO<sub>3</sub>–HCl and HNO<sub>3</sub>–H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. When the sample in the acid’s solvent is exposed to microwave energy, it can reach temperatures substantially above the boiling temperature of the acid solution. The result is the decomposition of the organic material, the oxidation of the metals, and their conversion to soluble nitrates. The advantages of using microwaves are the ability to control the temperature, pressure, and loss of metals and, thus, avoid erroneous measurement results. Simultaneously with the above, extraction methods have been, for almost a decade, very effective complementary processes that we can use to enrich a sample of a cosmetic product. Liquid–liquid dispersion micro-extraction (DLLME) and solid phase extraction (SPE) are the two main methods used in sample preparation and are usually applied after the digestion process.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/9/1/21chemical analysisspectroscopyformulation/stabilitycolor cosmeticswet digestiondry digestion |
| spellingShingle | Apostolos Papadopoulos Nikos Assimomytis Athanasia Varvaresou Sample Preparation of Cosmetic Products for the Determination of Heavy Metals Cosmetics chemical analysis spectroscopy formulation/stability color cosmetics wet digestion dry digestion |
| title | Sample Preparation of Cosmetic Products for the Determination of Heavy Metals |
| title_full | Sample Preparation of Cosmetic Products for the Determination of Heavy Metals |
| title_fullStr | Sample Preparation of Cosmetic Products for the Determination of Heavy Metals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sample Preparation of Cosmetic Products for the Determination of Heavy Metals |
| title_short | Sample Preparation of Cosmetic Products for the Determination of Heavy Metals |
| title_sort | sample preparation of cosmetic products for the determination of heavy metals |
| topic | chemical analysis spectroscopy formulation/stability color cosmetics wet digestion dry digestion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/9/1/21 |
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