Epidemiological Overview of Urogenital Gonorrhea in Mexico (2003–2020)
In Mexico, urogenital gonorrhea (UG) is one of the main sexually transmitted diseases notifiable by health systems around the world. Epidemiological data on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Mexico indicated that UG was “under control” until 2017. However, international epidemiological repor...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Healthcare |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/15/2118 |
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| author | Miguel Ángel Loyola-Cruz Verónica Fernández-Sánchez Emilio Mariano Durán-Manuel Claudia Camelia Calzada-Mendoza Graciela Castro-Escarpulli María Fernanda Quijano-Soriano Liliana Nicolás-Sayago Dulce Milagros Razo-Blanco Hernández Marcela Villegas-Castañeda Alejandro Cárdenas-Cantero Mónica Alethia Cureño-Díaz Marianela Paredes-Mendoza Clemente Cruz-Cruz Juan Manuel Bello-López |
| author_facet | Miguel Ángel Loyola-Cruz Verónica Fernández-Sánchez Emilio Mariano Durán-Manuel Claudia Camelia Calzada-Mendoza Graciela Castro-Escarpulli María Fernanda Quijano-Soriano Liliana Nicolás-Sayago Dulce Milagros Razo-Blanco Hernández Marcela Villegas-Castañeda Alejandro Cárdenas-Cantero Mónica Alethia Cureño-Díaz Marianela Paredes-Mendoza Clemente Cruz-Cruz Juan Manuel Bello-López |
| author_sort | Miguel Ángel Loyola-Cruz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In Mexico, urogenital gonorrhea (UG) is one of the main sexually transmitted diseases notifiable by health systems around the world. Epidemiological data on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Mexico indicated that UG was “under control” until 2017. However, international epidemiological reports indicate the increase in incidence due to several factors, including an increase during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors suggest that this phenomenon may occur in developing countries, including Mexico. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze national surveillance data on UG from 2003–2019 and the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. An epidemiological study of cases and incidence of UG (2003–2020) was performed in the annual reports issued by the General Directorate Epidemiology in Mexico. Cases and incidence were classified and analyzed by year, sex, age group, and seasons (by temperature). Distribution of UG was carried out using heat maps for the whole country. Ultimately, a seasonal and correlation analysis was performed for UG cases versus temperature. The results showed that the distribution of cases and incidence by sex showed that there was no variation over 14 years. From 2016 onward, a significant increase in UG was observed before the pandemic. During the first year of the pandemic, a significant increase was observed in females aged 24–44 years. A heterogeneous distribution of UG was identified; however, border states were ranked among the top states with elevated incidences and cases. Lastly, the occurrence of UG was associated with temperature, related to summer. The information presented is intended to be useful to promote prevention and to contribute to visualize the distribution of UG over the last 18 years for decision making, and to show one of the consequences of the collapse of epidemiological surveillance of UG during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:27:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c6cb44aaa79a4e148444d3e6bd3e8f19 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9032 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:27:44Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Healthcare |
| spelling | doaj.art-c6cb44aaa79a4e148444d3e6bd3e8f192023-11-18T22:55:52ZengMDPI AGHealthcare2227-90322023-07-011115211810.3390/healthcare11152118Epidemiological Overview of Urogenital Gonorrhea in Mexico (2003–2020)Miguel Ángel Loyola-Cruz0Verónica Fernández-Sánchez1Emilio Mariano Durán-Manuel2Claudia Camelia Calzada-Mendoza3Graciela Castro-Escarpulli4María Fernanda Quijano-Soriano5Liliana Nicolás-Sayago6Dulce Milagros Razo-Blanco Hernández7Marcela Villegas-Castañeda8Alejandro Cárdenas-Cantero9Mónica Alethia Cureño-Díaz10Marianela Paredes-Mendoza11Clemente Cruz-Cruz12Juan Manuel Bello-López13División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoDivisión de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoDivisión de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoSección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoLaboratorio de Investigación Clínica y Ambiental, Departamento de Microbiología Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, MexicoHospital Regional de Alta Especialidad “Bicentenario de la Independencia”, ISSSTE, Tultitlán de Mariano Escobedo 54916, MexicoDivisión de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoDivisión de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoDivisión de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoHospital Regional de Alta Especialidad “Bicentenario de la Independencia”, ISSSTE, Tultitlán de Mariano Escobedo 54916, MexicoDirección de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoDivisión de Tecnología Ambiental, Universidad Tecnológica de Nezahualcóyotl, Nezahualcóyotl 57000, MexicoDivisión de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoDivisión de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, MexicoIn Mexico, urogenital gonorrhea (UG) is one of the main sexually transmitted diseases notifiable by health systems around the world. Epidemiological data on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Mexico indicated that UG was “under control” until 2017. However, international epidemiological reports indicate the increase in incidence due to several factors, including an increase during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors suggest that this phenomenon may occur in developing countries, including Mexico. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze national surveillance data on UG from 2003–2019 and the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. An epidemiological study of cases and incidence of UG (2003–2020) was performed in the annual reports issued by the General Directorate Epidemiology in Mexico. Cases and incidence were classified and analyzed by year, sex, age group, and seasons (by temperature). Distribution of UG was carried out using heat maps for the whole country. Ultimately, a seasonal and correlation analysis was performed for UG cases versus temperature. The results showed that the distribution of cases and incidence by sex showed that there was no variation over 14 years. From 2016 onward, a significant increase in UG was observed before the pandemic. During the first year of the pandemic, a significant increase was observed in females aged 24–44 years. A heterogeneous distribution of UG was identified; however, border states were ranked among the top states with elevated incidences and cases. Lastly, the occurrence of UG was associated with temperature, related to summer. The information presented is intended to be useful to promote prevention and to contribute to visualize the distribution of UG over the last 18 years for decision making, and to show one of the consequences of the collapse of epidemiological surveillance of UG during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/15/2118<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>urogenital gonorrheaepidemiologyMexicoCOVID-19 |
| spellingShingle | Miguel Ángel Loyola-Cruz Verónica Fernández-Sánchez Emilio Mariano Durán-Manuel Claudia Camelia Calzada-Mendoza Graciela Castro-Escarpulli María Fernanda Quijano-Soriano Liliana Nicolás-Sayago Dulce Milagros Razo-Blanco Hernández Marcela Villegas-Castañeda Alejandro Cárdenas-Cantero Mónica Alethia Cureño-Díaz Marianela Paredes-Mendoza Clemente Cruz-Cruz Juan Manuel Bello-López Epidemiological Overview of Urogenital Gonorrhea in Mexico (2003–2020) Healthcare <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> urogenital gonorrhea epidemiology Mexico COVID-19 |
| title | Epidemiological Overview of Urogenital Gonorrhea in Mexico (2003–2020) |
| title_full | Epidemiological Overview of Urogenital Gonorrhea in Mexico (2003–2020) |
| title_fullStr | Epidemiological Overview of Urogenital Gonorrhea in Mexico (2003–2020) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Epidemiological Overview of Urogenital Gonorrhea in Mexico (2003–2020) |
| title_short | Epidemiological Overview of Urogenital Gonorrhea in Mexico (2003–2020) |
| title_sort | epidemiological overview of urogenital gonorrhea in mexico 2003 2020 |
| topic | <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> urogenital gonorrhea epidemiology Mexico COVID-19 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/15/2118 |
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