Microneedle Array Technique for the Longitudinal Extraction of Interstitial Fluid without Hair Removal
Interstitial fluid (ISF) bathes the cells and tissues and is in constant exchange with blood. As an exchange medium for waste, nutrients, exosomes, and signaling molecules, ISF is recognized as a plentiful source of biomolecules. Many basic and pre-clinical small animal studies could benefit from an...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Methods and Protocols |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9279/5/3/46 |
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| author | Robert M. Taylor Abdul-Mehdi S. Ali Yiliang Zhu Alicia M. Bolt Justin T. Baca |
| author_facet | Robert M. Taylor Abdul-Mehdi S. Ali Yiliang Zhu Alicia M. Bolt Justin T. Baca |
| author_sort | Robert M. Taylor |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Interstitial fluid (ISF) bathes the cells and tissues and is in constant exchange with blood. As an exchange medium for waste, nutrients, exosomes, and signaling molecules, ISF is recognized as a plentiful source of biomolecules. Many basic and pre-clinical small animal studies could benefit from an inexpensive and efficient technique that allows for the in vivo extraction of ISF for the subsequent quantification of molecules in the interstitial space. We have previously reported on a minimally invasive technique for the extraction of ISF using a 3D-printed microneedle array (MA) platform for comprehensive biomedical applications. Previously, hairless animal models were utilized, and euthanasia was performed immediately following the procedure. Here, we demonstrate the technique in Sprague Dawley rats, without the need for hair removal, over multiple extractions and weeks. As an example of this technique, we report simultaneous quantification of the heavy metals Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Lithium (Li), and Nickel (Ni) within the ISF, compared with whole blood. These results demonstrate the MA technique applicability to a broader range of species and studies and the reuse of animals, leading to a reduction in number of animals needed to successfully complete ISF extraction experiments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:54:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c6f4928ab2eb4863b66489e53a5aaa29 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2409-9279 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:54:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Methods and Protocols |
| spelling | doaj.art-c6f4928ab2eb4863b66489e53a5aaa292023-11-23T18:14:44ZengMDPI AGMethods and Protocols2409-92792022-06-01534610.3390/mps5030046Microneedle Array Technique for the Longitudinal Extraction of Interstitial Fluid without Hair RemovalRobert M. Taylor0Abdul-Mehdi S. Ali1Yiliang Zhu2Alicia M. Bolt3Justin T. Baca4Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USADepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USADepartment of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USADepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USADepartment of Emergency Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USAInterstitial fluid (ISF) bathes the cells and tissues and is in constant exchange with blood. As an exchange medium for waste, nutrients, exosomes, and signaling molecules, ISF is recognized as a plentiful source of biomolecules. Many basic and pre-clinical small animal studies could benefit from an inexpensive and efficient technique that allows for the in vivo extraction of ISF for the subsequent quantification of molecules in the interstitial space. We have previously reported on a minimally invasive technique for the extraction of ISF using a 3D-printed microneedle array (MA) platform for comprehensive biomedical applications. Previously, hairless animal models were utilized, and euthanasia was performed immediately following the procedure. Here, we demonstrate the technique in Sprague Dawley rats, without the need for hair removal, over multiple extractions and weeks. As an example of this technique, we report simultaneous quantification of the heavy metals Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Lithium (Li), and Nickel (Ni) within the ISF, compared with whole blood. These results demonstrate the MA technique applicability to a broader range of species and studies and the reuse of animals, leading to a reduction in number of animals needed to successfully complete ISF extraction experiments.https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9279/5/3/46microneedleinterstitial fluidheavy metalsinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry |
| spellingShingle | Robert M. Taylor Abdul-Mehdi S. Ali Yiliang Zhu Alicia M. Bolt Justin T. Baca Microneedle Array Technique for the Longitudinal Extraction of Interstitial Fluid without Hair Removal Methods and Protocols microneedle interstitial fluid heavy metals inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry |
| title | Microneedle Array Technique for the Longitudinal Extraction of Interstitial Fluid without Hair Removal |
| title_full | Microneedle Array Technique for the Longitudinal Extraction of Interstitial Fluid without Hair Removal |
| title_fullStr | Microneedle Array Technique for the Longitudinal Extraction of Interstitial Fluid without Hair Removal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microneedle Array Technique for the Longitudinal Extraction of Interstitial Fluid without Hair Removal |
| title_short | Microneedle Array Technique for the Longitudinal Extraction of Interstitial Fluid without Hair Removal |
| title_sort | microneedle array technique for the longitudinal extraction of interstitial fluid without hair removal |
| topic | microneedle interstitial fluid heavy metals inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9279/5/3/46 |
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