| Summary: | <i>BSCL2</i> encodes seipin, a transmembrane endoplasmic reticulum protein associated with lipodystrophy and severe metabolic complications, including diabetes and hepatic steatosis. In pigs, <i>BSCL2</i> expression increases during adipocyte differentiation. In the present study, we identified significant gene variants associated with fat deposition (FD)-related processes based on subcutaneous fat tissue RNA-seq data. In the association study, to prove our hypothesis, three Polish pig breeds were included: Złotnicka White (ZW, <i>n</i> = 72), Polish Landrace (PL, <i>n</i> = 201), and Polish Large White (PLW, <i>n</i> = 169). Based on variant calling analysis and χ<sup>2</sup> tests, <i>BSCL2</i> mutations showing significantly different genotype/allele distribution between high- and low-fat pigs were selected for a comprehensive association study. Four interesting <i>BSCL2</i> variants (rs346079334, rs341493267, rs330154033, and rs81333153) belonging to downstream and missense mutations were investigated. Our study showed a significant decrease in minor allele frequency for two <i>BSCL2</i> variants (rs346079334 and rs341493267) in PL pigs in 2020–2021. In ZW, <i>BSCL2</i> mutations significantly affected loin and ham fats, meat redness, and growth performance traits, such as feed conversion and daily feed intake. Similar observations were noted for PLW and PL, where <i>BSCL2</i> mutations influenced fat depositions and meat traits, such as loin eye area, loin mass and fat, carcass yield, and growth performance traits. Based on the observation in pigs, our study supports the theory that <i>BSCL2</i> expressed in subcutaneous fat is involved in the FD process.
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