Nanoparticles as a Delivery System of Antigens for the Development of an Effective Vaccine against <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>
Nanoparticles include particles ranging in size from nanometers to micrometers, whose physicochemical characteristics are optimized to make them appropriate delivery vehicles for drugs or immunogens important in the fight and/or prevention of infectious diseases. There has been a rise in the use of...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/4/733 |
| _version_ | 1797603314850856960 |
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| author | Carina Brito Camila Lourenço Joana Magalhães Salette Reis Margarida Borges |
| author_facet | Carina Brito Camila Lourenço Joana Magalhães Salette Reis Margarida Borges |
| author_sort | Carina Brito |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nanoparticles include particles ranging in size from nanometers to micrometers, whose physicochemical characteristics are optimized to make them appropriate delivery vehicles for drugs or immunogens important in the fight and/or prevention of infectious diseases. There has been a rise in the use of nanoparticles in preventive vaccine formulations as immunostimulatory adjuvants, and as vehicles for immunogen delivery to target immune cells. <i>Toxoplasma</i> is important worldwide, and may cause human toxoplasmosis. In immunocompetent hosts, infection is usually asymptomatic, but in immunocompromised patients it can cause serious neurological and ocular consequences, such as encephalitis and retinochoroiditis. Primary infection during pregnancy may cause abortion or congenital toxoplasmosis. Currently, there is no effective human vaccine against this disease. Evidence has emerged from several experimental studies testing nanovaccines showing them to be promising tools in the prevention of experimental toxoplasmosis. For the present study, a literature review was carried out on articles published over the last 10 years through the PubMed database, pertaining to <i>in vivo</i> experimental models of <i>T. gondii</i> infection where nanovaccines were tested and protection and immune responses evaluated. This review aims to highlight the way forward in the search for an effective vaccine for toxoplasmosis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:28:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c74dd59903cc46ae858691a8fe14ee1c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:28:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-c74dd59903cc46ae858691a8fe14ee1c2023-11-17T21:40:58ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2023-03-0111473310.3390/vaccines11040733Nanoparticles as a Delivery System of Antigens for the Development of an Effective Vaccine against <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>Carina Brito0Camila Lourenço1Joana Magalhães2Salette Reis3Margarida Borges4UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalUCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalLAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalLAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalUCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalNanoparticles include particles ranging in size from nanometers to micrometers, whose physicochemical characteristics are optimized to make them appropriate delivery vehicles for drugs or immunogens important in the fight and/or prevention of infectious diseases. There has been a rise in the use of nanoparticles in preventive vaccine formulations as immunostimulatory adjuvants, and as vehicles for immunogen delivery to target immune cells. <i>Toxoplasma</i> is important worldwide, and may cause human toxoplasmosis. In immunocompetent hosts, infection is usually asymptomatic, but in immunocompromised patients it can cause serious neurological and ocular consequences, such as encephalitis and retinochoroiditis. Primary infection during pregnancy may cause abortion or congenital toxoplasmosis. Currently, there is no effective human vaccine against this disease. Evidence has emerged from several experimental studies testing nanovaccines showing them to be promising tools in the prevention of experimental toxoplasmosis. For the present study, a literature review was carried out on articles published over the last 10 years through the PubMed database, pertaining to <i>in vivo</i> experimental models of <i>T. gondii</i> infection where nanovaccines were tested and protection and immune responses evaluated. This review aims to highlight the way forward in the search for an effective vaccine for toxoplasmosis.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/4/733nanoparticlesadjuvantimmune systemtoxoplasmosis<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> |
| spellingShingle | Carina Brito Camila Lourenço Joana Magalhães Salette Reis Margarida Borges Nanoparticles as a Delivery System of Antigens for the Development of an Effective Vaccine against <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Vaccines nanoparticles adjuvant immune system toxoplasmosis <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> |
| title | Nanoparticles as a Delivery System of Antigens for the Development of an Effective Vaccine against <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> |
| title_full | Nanoparticles as a Delivery System of Antigens for the Development of an Effective Vaccine against <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> |
| title_fullStr | Nanoparticles as a Delivery System of Antigens for the Development of an Effective Vaccine against <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nanoparticles as a Delivery System of Antigens for the Development of an Effective Vaccine against <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> |
| title_short | Nanoparticles as a Delivery System of Antigens for the Development of an Effective Vaccine against <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> |
| title_sort | nanoparticles as a delivery system of antigens for the development of an effective vaccine against i toxoplasma gondii i |
| topic | nanoparticles adjuvant immune system toxoplasmosis <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/4/733 |
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