Analysis of the Specific Energy Consumption of Battery-Driven Electrical Buses for Heating and Cooling in Dependence on the Technical Equipment and Operating Conditions
This paper analyzes methods of heating battery-driven electrical buses. The examined buses were two identical airport transport buses and two buses used in local transportation. To heat the first buses, an electrical water heater with a heating capacity of 20 kW, and for air conditioning, a rooftop...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | World Electric Vehicle Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/14/5/126 |
| _version_ | 1797598044508651520 |
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| author | Louis Heß Daniela Dimova Jakub Wit Piechalski Stefan Rusche Pascal Best Michael Sonnekalb |
| author_facet | Louis Heß Daniela Dimova Jakub Wit Piechalski Stefan Rusche Pascal Best Michael Sonnekalb |
| author_sort | Louis Heß |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper analyzes methods of heating battery-driven electrical buses. The examined buses were two identical airport transport buses and two buses used in local transportation. To heat the first buses, an electrical water heater with a heating capacity of 20 kW, and for air conditioning, a rooftop air conditioner with a cooling capacity of 20.6 kW was installed. Climate control in the city buses was achieved using an R744 heat pump with a cooling capacity of 25 kW and a heating capacity between 14 and 21 kW, along with an electrical water heater with a capacity of 32 kW. During the project, the measurement data of the buses described above were taken for a full year and evaluated. The analysis of the measurement data brought insights into the specific electrical energy consumption of climate control in the buses in real operating conditions at outdoor temperatures between 2 °C and 36 °C. The results of this project additionally provide information on the optimization potential for the climate control of buses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:13:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c75e3eaf327c491790ad0f795b909aee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2032-6653 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:13:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | World Electric Vehicle Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-c75e3eaf327c491790ad0f795b909aee2023-11-18T03:43:13ZengMDPI AGWorld Electric Vehicle Journal2032-66532023-05-0114512610.3390/wevj14050126Analysis of the Specific Energy Consumption of Battery-Driven Electrical Buses for Heating and Cooling in Dependence on the Technical Equipment and Operating ConditionsLouis Heß0Daniela Dimova1Jakub Wit Piechalski2Stefan Rusche3Pascal Best4Michael Sonnekalb5Department of Engineering, RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Am Brückweg 26, 65428 Rüsselsheim, GermanyDepartment of Engineering, RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Am Brückweg 26, 65428 Rüsselsheim, GermanyDepartment of Engineering, RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Am Brückweg 26, 65428 Rüsselsheim, GermanyDepartment of Engineering, RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Am Brückweg 26, 65428 Rüsselsheim, GermanyKonvekta AG, 34613 Schwalmstadt, GermanyKonvekta AG, 34613 Schwalmstadt, GermanyThis paper analyzes methods of heating battery-driven electrical buses. The examined buses were two identical airport transport buses and two buses used in local transportation. To heat the first buses, an electrical water heater with a heating capacity of 20 kW, and for air conditioning, a rooftop air conditioner with a cooling capacity of 20.6 kW was installed. Climate control in the city buses was achieved using an R744 heat pump with a cooling capacity of 25 kW and a heating capacity between 14 and 21 kW, along with an electrical water heater with a capacity of 32 kW. During the project, the measurement data of the buses described above were taken for a full year and evaluated. The analysis of the measurement data brought insights into the specific electrical energy consumption of climate control in the buses in real operating conditions at outdoor temperatures between 2 °C and 36 °C. The results of this project additionally provide information on the optimization potential for the climate control of buses.https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/14/5/126battery-driven electrical busspecific energy consumptionHVAC systemsCO<sub>2</sub> heat pumpelectric water heater |
| spellingShingle | Louis Heß Daniela Dimova Jakub Wit Piechalski Stefan Rusche Pascal Best Michael Sonnekalb Analysis of the Specific Energy Consumption of Battery-Driven Electrical Buses for Heating and Cooling in Dependence on the Technical Equipment and Operating Conditions World Electric Vehicle Journal battery-driven electrical bus specific energy consumption HVAC systems CO<sub>2</sub> heat pump electric water heater |
| title | Analysis of the Specific Energy Consumption of Battery-Driven Electrical Buses for Heating and Cooling in Dependence on the Technical Equipment and Operating Conditions |
| title_full | Analysis of the Specific Energy Consumption of Battery-Driven Electrical Buses for Heating and Cooling in Dependence on the Technical Equipment and Operating Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of the Specific Energy Consumption of Battery-Driven Electrical Buses for Heating and Cooling in Dependence on the Technical Equipment and Operating Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of the Specific Energy Consumption of Battery-Driven Electrical Buses for Heating and Cooling in Dependence on the Technical Equipment and Operating Conditions |
| title_short | Analysis of the Specific Energy Consumption of Battery-Driven Electrical Buses for Heating and Cooling in Dependence on the Technical Equipment and Operating Conditions |
| title_sort | analysis of the specific energy consumption of battery driven electrical buses for heating and cooling in dependence on the technical equipment and operating conditions |
| topic | battery-driven electrical bus specific energy consumption HVAC systems CO<sub>2</sub> heat pump electric water heater |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/14/5/126 |
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