Assessment of Various Toxicity Endpoints in Duckweed (<i>Lemna minor</i>) at the Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Levels as a Measure of Diuron Stress
The common, broad-spectrum herbicide diuron poses some risks to the environment due to its long persistence and high toxicity. Therefore, the effective monitoring of diuron residues will inform efforts to assess its impacts on ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity targets of diuron in...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| author | Hojun Lee Stephen Depuydt Kisik Shin Soyeon Choi Geonhee Kim Yun Haeng Lee Joon Tae Park Taejun Han Jihae Park |
| author_facet | Hojun Lee Stephen Depuydt Kisik Shin Soyeon Choi Geonhee Kim Yun Haeng Lee Joon Tae Park Taejun Han Jihae Park |
| author_sort | Hojun Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The common, broad-spectrum herbicide diuron poses some risks to the environment due to its long persistence and high toxicity. Therefore, the effective monitoring of diuron residues will inform efforts to assess its impacts on ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity targets of diuron in the model aquatic macrophyte <i>Lemna minor</i> at the physiological (growth and photosynthetic efficiency), biochemical (pigment biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels), and molecular (<i>rbcL</i> transcript) levels. The toxicity of diuron was detectable after 48 h of exposure and the order of sensitivity of toxicity endpoints was gene transcription > maximum electron transport rate (ETR<sub>max</sub>) > non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) > maximum quantum yield (<i>F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub></i>) > ROS > fresh weight > chlorophyll <i>b</i> > chlorophyll <i>a</i> > total frond area > carotenoids. Under diuron stress, pigment, ROS, and gene transcript levels increased while frond area, fresh weight, and photosynthesis (<i>F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub></i> and ETR<sub>max</sub>) gradually decreased with the increasing duration of exposure. Notably, ROS levels, <i>F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub></i>, frond area, and fresh weight were highly correlated with diuron concentration. The growth endpoints (frond area and fresh weight) showed a strong negative correlation with ROS levels and a positive correlation with <i>F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub></i> and ETR<sub>max</sub>. These findings shed light on the relative sensitivity of different endpoints for the assessment of diuron toxicity. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:45:23Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
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| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-c770220633534dc397b99d83147b03502023-11-22T03:16:30ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372021-07-0110768410.3390/biology10070684Assessment of Various Toxicity Endpoints in Duckweed (<i>Lemna minor</i>) at the Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Levels as a Measure of Diuron StressHojun Lee0Stephen Depuydt1Kisik Shin2Soyeon Choi3Geonhee Kim4Yun Haeng Lee5Joon Tae Park6Taejun Han7Jihae Park8Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, KoreaGhent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, KoreaWater Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, KoreaDepartment of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, KoreaDepartment of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, KoreaDepartment of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, KoreaGhent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, KoreaThe common, broad-spectrum herbicide diuron poses some risks to the environment due to its long persistence and high toxicity. Therefore, the effective monitoring of diuron residues will inform efforts to assess its impacts on ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity targets of diuron in the model aquatic macrophyte <i>Lemna minor</i> at the physiological (growth and photosynthetic efficiency), biochemical (pigment biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels), and molecular (<i>rbcL</i> transcript) levels. The toxicity of diuron was detectable after 48 h of exposure and the order of sensitivity of toxicity endpoints was gene transcription > maximum electron transport rate (ETR<sub>max</sub>) > non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) > maximum quantum yield (<i>F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub></i>) > ROS > fresh weight > chlorophyll <i>b</i> > chlorophyll <i>a</i> > total frond area > carotenoids. Under diuron stress, pigment, ROS, and gene transcript levels increased while frond area, fresh weight, and photosynthesis (<i>F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub></i> and ETR<sub>max</sub>) gradually decreased with the increasing duration of exposure. Notably, ROS levels, <i>F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub></i>, frond area, and fresh weight were highly correlated with diuron concentration. The growth endpoints (frond area and fresh weight) showed a strong negative correlation with ROS levels and a positive correlation with <i>F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub></i> and ETR<sub>max</sub>. These findings shed light on the relative sensitivity of different endpoints for the assessment of diuron toxicity.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/7/684chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescencediuron<i>Lemna minor</i>gene transcriptiontoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Hojun Lee Stephen Depuydt Kisik Shin Soyeon Choi Geonhee Kim Yun Haeng Lee Joon Tae Park Taejun Han Jihae Park Assessment of Various Toxicity Endpoints in Duckweed (<i>Lemna minor</i>) at the Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Levels as a Measure of Diuron Stress Biology chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence diuron <i>Lemna minor</i> gene transcription toxicity |
| title | Assessment of Various Toxicity Endpoints in Duckweed (<i>Lemna minor</i>) at the Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Levels as a Measure of Diuron Stress |
| title_full | Assessment of Various Toxicity Endpoints in Duckweed (<i>Lemna minor</i>) at the Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Levels as a Measure of Diuron Stress |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Various Toxicity Endpoints in Duckweed (<i>Lemna minor</i>) at the Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Levels as a Measure of Diuron Stress |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Various Toxicity Endpoints in Duckweed (<i>Lemna minor</i>) at the Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Levels as a Measure of Diuron Stress |
| title_short | Assessment of Various Toxicity Endpoints in Duckweed (<i>Lemna minor</i>) at the Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Levels as a Measure of Diuron Stress |
| title_sort | assessment of various toxicity endpoints in duckweed i lemna minor i at the physiological biochemical and molecular levels as a measure of diuron stress |
| topic | chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence diuron <i>Lemna minor</i> gene transcription toxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/7/684 |
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