Verifiable Hypotheses for Thymosin β4-Dependent and -Independent Angiogenic Induction of Trichinella spiralis-Triggered Nurse Cell Formation
Trichinella spiralis has been reported to induce angiogenesis for nutrient supply and waste disposal by the induction of the angiogenic molecule vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) during nurse cell formation. However, the action mechanism to induce VEGF in nurse cells by T. spiralis is n...
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MDPI AG
2013-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/14/12/23492 |
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| author | Mee Sun Ock Hee-Jae Cha Yung Hyun Choi |
| author_facet | Mee Sun Ock Hee-Jae Cha Yung Hyun Choi |
| author_sort | Mee Sun Ock |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Trichinella spiralis has been reported to induce angiogenesis for nutrient supply and waste disposal by the induction of the angiogenic molecule vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) during nurse cell formation. However, the action mechanism to induce VEGF in nurse cells by T. spiralis is not known. Hypoxia in nurse cells was suggested as a possible mechanism; however, the presence of hypoxic conditions in infected muscle or nurse cells and whether hypoxia indeed induces the expression of VEGF and subsequent angiogenesis in the infected muscle are both a matter of debate. Our recent studies have shown that thymosin β4, a potent VEGF inducing protein, is expressed in the very early stages of T. spiralis muscle infection suggesting the induction of VEGF in early stage nurse cells. Nevertheless, we now show that hypoxic conditions were not detected in any nurse cell stage but were detected only in the accumulated inflammatory cells. These studies propose that induction of angiogenesis by VEGF in T. spiralis-infected nurse cells was mediated by thymosin β4 and is unrelated to hypoxic conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T23:10:58Z |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T23:10:58Z |
| publishDate | 2013-11-01 |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-c7ab777ec7434caca40523ccc1c254692022-12-22T03:12:48ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1422-00672013-11-011412234922349810.3390/ijms141223492ijms141223492Verifiable Hypotheses for Thymosin β4-Dependent and -Independent Angiogenic Induction of Trichinella spiralis-Triggered Nurse Cell FormationMee Sun Ock0Hee-Jae Cha1Yung Hyun Choi2Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-702, KoreaDepartment of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-702, KoreaDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, KoreaTrichinella spiralis has been reported to induce angiogenesis for nutrient supply and waste disposal by the induction of the angiogenic molecule vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) during nurse cell formation. However, the action mechanism to induce VEGF in nurse cells by T. spiralis is not known. Hypoxia in nurse cells was suggested as a possible mechanism; however, the presence of hypoxic conditions in infected muscle or nurse cells and whether hypoxia indeed induces the expression of VEGF and subsequent angiogenesis in the infected muscle are both a matter of debate. Our recent studies have shown that thymosin β4, a potent VEGF inducing protein, is expressed in the very early stages of T. spiralis muscle infection suggesting the induction of VEGF in early stage nurse cells. Nevertheless, we now show that hypoxic conditions were not detected in any nurse cell stage but were detected only in the accumulated inflammatory cells. These studies propose that induction of angiogenesis by VEGF in T. spiralis-infected nurse cells was mediated by thymosin β4 and is unrelated to hypoxic conditions.http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/14/12/23492thymosin β4Trichinella spiralisnurse cellsangiogenesishypoxia |
| spellingShingle | Mee Sun Ock Hee-Jae Cha Yung Hyun Choi Verifiable Hypotheses for Thymosin β4-Dependent and -Independent Angiogenic Induction of Trichinella spiralis-Triggered Nurse Cell Formation International Journal of Molecular Sciences thymosin β4 Trichinella spiralis nurse cells angiogenesis hypoxia |
| title | Verifiable Hypotheses for Thymosin β4-Dependent and -Independent Angiogenic Induction of Trichinella spiralis-Triggered Nurse Cell Formation |
| title_full | Verifiable Hypotheses for Thymosin β4-Dependent and -Independent Angiogenic Induction of Trichinella spiralis-Triggered Nurse Cell Formation |
| title_fullStr | Verifiable Hypotheses for Thymosin β4-Dependent and -Independent Angiogenic Induction of Trichinella spiralis-Triggered Nurse Cell Formation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Verifiable Hypotheses for Thymosin β4-Dependent and -Independent Angiogenic Induction of Trichinella spiralis-Triggered Nurse Cell Formation |
| title_short | Verifiable Hypotheses for Thymosin β4-Dependent and -Independent Angiogenic Induction of Trichinella spiralis-Triggered Nurse Cell Formation |
| title_sort | verifiable hypotheses for thymosin β4 dependent and independent angiogenic induction of trichinella spiralis triggered nurse cell formation |
| topic | thymosin β4 Trichinella spiralis nurse cells angiogenesis hypoxia |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/14/12/23492 |
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