Optimization and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies
This work presents three demos, which include Electric Buses (EBs) from four various brands with lengths of 12 m and 18 m and an Electric Truck (E-truck) for refuse collection. The technical operation of these EVs were analyzed to implement further operational cost optimization on the demo vehicles....
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-01-01
|
| Series: | World Electric Vehicle Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/13/1/20 |
| _version_ | 1797489622846013440 |
|---|---|
| author | Mohammed Al-Saadi Manuel Mathes Johannes Käsgen Koffrie Robert Matthias Mayrock Joeri Van Mierlo Maitane Berecibar |
| author_facet | Mohammed Al-Saadi Manuel Mathes Johannes Käsgen Koffrie Robert Matthias Mayrock Joeri Van Mierlo Maitane Berecibar |
| author_sort | Mohammed Al-Saadi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work presents three demos, which include Electric Buses (EBs) from four various brands with lengths of 12 m and 18 m and an Electric Truck (E-truck) for refuse collection. The technical operation of these EVs were analyzed to implement further operational cost optimization on the demo vehicles. The Electric Vehicles (EVs) were tested against superfast-charging solutions based on Pantograph (Type A & Type B) on the route lines (and depots) and based on Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo2) from various brands to validate the interoperability among several vendors and support further EV integration with more affordable solutions. The optimization includes the calculation of the EBs’ consumption at various seasons and under various operating conditions in order to use optimum battery system design, heating system, optimum EB fleet operation and size and to find the charging solutions properly. The results showed that the EB consumption increases in some cases by 64.5% in wintertime due to heating systems, and the consumption in urban areas is more than that on the route lines outside cities. In the E-truck demo, where the electric heater was replaced with a heat-pump to optimize the energy consumption, it was found that the consumption of the heat-pump is about half of the electric heater under certain operating conditions. Under strict EB schedule, Pantograph charging solutions with power ratings of 300–600 kW have been adopted to charge the batteries of the EBs within 4–10 min. In order to minimize the cumulative costs of energy, (pantograph) charging infrastructure depreciation and battery degradation, as well as depot charging (at the bus operator’s depot), was adopted with a power level of 50–350 kW based on CCS2 and pantograph. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:19:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c7ada36831c94539a7ead5aaeda720a2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2032-6653 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:19:16Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | World Electric Vehicle Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-c7ada36831c94539a7ead5aaeda720a22023-11-23T15:46:01ZengMDPI AGWorld Electric Vehicle Journal2032-66532022-01-011312010.3390/wevj13010020Optimization and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging TechnologiesMohammed Al-Saadi0Manuel Mathes1Johannes Käsgen2Koffrie Robert3Matthias Mayrock4Joeri Van Mierlo5Maitane Berecibar6MOBI Research Group, Vrij Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, BelgiumFraunhofer-Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverlässigkeit LBF, Bartningstraße 47, 64289 Darmstadt, GermanyFraunhofer-Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverlässigkeit LBF, Bartningstraße 47, 64289 Darmstadt, GermanyNederlandse organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO, Helmond Automotive Campus, Postbus 756, 5700 AT Helmond, The NetherlandsMan Truck & Bus SE, Dachauer Straße 667, 80995 Munich, GermanyMOBI Research Group, Vrij Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, BelgiumMOBI Research Group, Vrij Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, BelgiumThis work presents three demos, which include Electric Buses (EBs) from four various brands with lengths of 12 m and 18 m and an Electric Truck (E-truck) for refuse collection. The technical operation of these EVs were analyzed to implement further operational cost optimization on the demo vehicles. The Electric Vehicles (EVs) were tested against superfast-charging solutions based on Pantograph (Type A & Type B) on the route lines (and depots) and based on Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo2) from various brands to validate the interoperability among several vendors and support further EV integration with more affordable solutions. The optimization includes the calculation of the EBs’ consumption at various seasons and under various operating conditions in order to use optimum battery system design, heating system, optimum EB fleet operation and size and to find the charging solutions properly. The results showed that the EB consumption increases in some cases by 64.5% in wintertime due to heating systems, and the consumption in urban areas is more than that on the route lines outside cities. In the E-truck demo, where the electric heater was replaced with a heat-pump to optimize the energy consumption, it was found that the consumption of the heat-pump is about half of the electric heater under certain operating conditions. Under strict EB schedule, Pantograph charging solutions with power ratings of 300–600 kW have been adopted to charge the batteries of the EBs within 4–10 min. In order to minimize the cumulative costs of energy, (pantograph) charging infrastructure depreciation and battery degradation, as well as depot charging (at the bus operator’s depot), was adopted with a power level of 50–350 kW based on CCS2 and pantograph.https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/13/1/20electric vehiclesmedium-duty electric vehiclesheavy-duty electric vehiclesEBsE-truckfast-charging |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed Al-Saadi Manuel Mathes Johannes Käsgen Koffrie Robert Matthias Mayrock Joeri Van Mierlo Maitane Berecibar Optimization and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies World Electric Vehicle Journal electric vehicles medium-duty electric vehicles heavy-duty electric vehicles EBs E-truck fast-charging |
| title | Optimization and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies |
| title_full | Optimization and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies |
| title_fullStr | Optimization and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies |
| title_short | Optimization and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies |
| title_sort | optimization and analysis of electric vehicle operation with fast charging technologies |
| topic | electric vehicles medium-duty electric vehicles heavy-duty electric vehicles EBs E-truck fast-charging |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/13/1/20 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mohammedalsaadi optimizationandanalysisofelectricvehicleoperationwithfastchargingtechnologies AT manuelmathes optimizationandanalysisofelectricvehicleoperationwithfastchargingtechnologies AT johanneskasgen optimizationandanalysisofelectricvehicleoperationwithfastchargingtechnologies AT koffrierobert optimizationandanalysisofelectricvehicleoperationwithfastchargingtechnologies AT matthiasmayrock optimizationandanalysisofelectricvehicleoperationwithfastchargingtechnologies AT joerivanmierlo optimizationandanalysisofelectricvehicleoperationwithfastchargingtechnologies AT maitaneberecibar optimizationandanalysisofelectricvehicleoperationwithfastchargingtechnologies |