High Temperatures Decrease the Flight Capacity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
<i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), commonly known as Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), is an invasive insect pest and the vector of the bacterium causing Huanglongbing (HLB), a lethal disease of citrus. In the United States, ACP has been established in all citrus-producing...
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/5/394 |
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| author | Carlos A. Antolinez Tobias Moyneur Xavier Martini Monique J. Rivera |
| author_facet | Carlos A. Antolinez Tobias Moyneur Xavier Martini Monique J. Rivera |
| author_sort | Carlos A. Antolinez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), commonly known as Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), is an invasive insect pest and the vector of the bacterium causing Huanglongbing (HLB), a lethal disease of citrus. In the United States, ACP has been established in all citrus-producing zones, all of which have different environmental conditions. The spread of ACP and, more importantly, HLB, has progressed differently depending on the state, with more rapid spread in Florida and Texas than in California. Climatic variations between the regions are likely a strong factor in the difference in the rate of spread. Despite this, it is unknown how the flight capacity of <i>D. citri</i> is influenced by high temperatures (>30 °C) and subsequently, low humidity experienced in California but not in Texas or Florida. In this study, by using a custom-made, temperature-controlled flight mill arena, we assessed the effect of high temperatures on the flight capacity and flight propensity of <i>D. citri</i> under low (20–40%) and high (76–90%) relative humidity conditions. We found that temperature and humidity influence the propensity to engage in short or long-distance flight events. Psyllids exposed to temperatures above 43 °C only performed short flights (˂60 s), and a high relative humidity significantly decrease the proportion of long flights (≥60 s) at 26 and 40 °C. The flight capacity for insects who engaged in short and long flights was significantly affected by temperature but not by humidity. For long flyers, temperature (in the 26–43 °C range) was negatively correlated with distance flown and flight duration. The most favorable temperature for long dispersion was 26 °C, with suboptimal temperatures in the range of 32–37 °C and the least favorable temperatures at 40 and 43 °C. In conclusion, <i>D. citri</i> is able to fly in a broad range of temperatures and efficiently fly in high and low humidity. However, temperatures above 40 °C, similar to those experienced in semi-arid environments like Southern California or Arizona, are detrimental for its flight capacity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:51:29Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:51:29Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
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| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj.art-c7d333c380f84e5389d6ecf85db583ee2023-11-21T17:41:38ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502021-04-0112539410.3390/insects12050394High Temperatures Decrease the Flight Capacity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae)Carlos A. Antolinez0Tobias Moyneur1Xavier Martini2Monique J. Rivera3Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USADepartment of Entomology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USANorth Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USADepartment of Entomology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA<i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), commonly known as Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), is an invasive insect pest and the vector of the bacterium causing Huanglongbing (HLB), a lethal disease of citrus. In the United States, ACP has been established in all citrus-producing zones, all of which have different environmental conditions. The spread of ACP and, more importantly, HLB, has progressed differently depending on the state, with more rapid spread in Florida and Texas than in California. Climatic variations between the regions are likely a strong factor in the difference in the rate of spread. Despite this, it is unknown how the flight capacity of <i>D. citri</i> is influenced by high temperatures (>30 °C) and subsequently, low humidity experienced in California but not in Texas or Florida. In this study, by using a custom-made, temperature-controlled flight mill arena, we assessed the effect of high temperatures on the flight capacity and flight propensity of <i>D. citri</i> under low (20–40%) and high (76–90%) relative humidity conditions. We found that temperature and humidity influence the propensity to engage in short or long-distance flight events. Psyllids exposed to temperatures above 43 °C only performed short flights (˂60 s), and a high relative humidity significantly decrease the proportion of long flights (≥60 s) at 26 and 40 °C. The flight capacity for insects who engaged in short and long flights was significantly affected by temperature but not by humidity. For long flyers, temperature (in the 26–43 °C range) was negatively correlated with distance flown and flight duration. The most favorable temperature for long dispersion was 26 °C, with suboptimal temperatures in the range of 32–37 °C and the least favorable temperatures at 40 and 43 °C. In conclusion, <i>D. citri</i> is able to fly in a broad range of temperatures and efficiently fly in high and low humidity. However, temperatures above 40 °C, similar to those experienced in semi-arid environments like Southern California or Arizona, are detrimental for its flight capacity.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/5/394flight millcitrus greeningHLB primary spreadheat toleranceAsian citrus psyllidvector dispersion |
| spellingShingle | Carlos A. Antolinez Tobias Moyneur Xavier Martini Monique J. Rivera High Temperatures Decrease the Flight Capacity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Insects flight mill citrus greening HLB primary spread heat tolerance Asian citrus psyllid vector dispersion |
| title | High Temperatures Decrease the Flight Capacity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) |
| title_full | High Temperatures Decrease the Flight Capacity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) |
| title_fullStr | High Temperatures Decrease the Flight Capacity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | High Temperatures Decrease the Flight Capacity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) |
| title_short | High Temperatures Decrease the Flight Capacity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) |
| title_sort | high temperatures decrease the flight capacity of i diaphorina citri i kuwayama hemiptera liviidae |
| topic | flight mill citrus greening HLB primary spread heat tolerance Asian citrus psyllid vector dispersion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/5/394 |
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