Chemical Reduction of GO: Comparing Hydroiodic Acid and Sodium Borohydride Chemical Approaches by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
The efficiency of two wet chemical processes based on hydroiodic acid (HI) and sodium borohydride (NaBH<sub>4</sub>) used to reduce graphene oxide (GO) have been studied. At this aim, the oxygen abundance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was studied as a function of the reductant concentr...
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/8/2/20 |
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| author | Wei Liu Giorgio Speranza |
| author_facet | Wei Liu Giorgio Speranza |
| author_sort | Wei Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The efficiency of two wet chemical processes based on hydroiodic acid (HI) and sodium borohydride (NaBH<sub>4</sub>) used to reduce graphene oxide (GO) have been studied. At this aim, the oxygen abundance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was studied as a function of the reductant concentration. A number of rGO samples were produced and their chemical compositions were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The analyses show that the reduction of the oxygen concentration proceeds non-linearly. At the beginning, when pristine GO is utilized a higher extent of reduction is obtained. The oxygen concentration decreases from ~32% to 10.5% by increasing the HI concentration to 0.24 M. A steeper reduction was observed for NaBH<sub>4</sub>, where the oxygen concentration lowers to ~13.6% using just 50 mg of NaBH<sub>4</sub>. Next, reduction reactions performed with increasing amounts of reductants in aqueous suspensions show a progressive saturation effect, indicating a limit in the final oxygen concentration. We obtained a residual oxygen concentration of 5.3% using 7.58 M of HI and 8.6% with 1200 mg of NaBH<sub>4.</sub> The chemical analysis highlights that the reduction of the oxygen concentration in rGO samples is mainly derived from the cleavage of C-OH bonds and the next reconstruction of C-C bonds. |
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| id | doaj.art-c7e08da449d24403a9568e48f90e4f19 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-5629 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:12:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-c7e08da449d24403a9568e48f90e4f192023-11-23T15:58:22ZengMDPI AGC2311-56292022-03-01822010.3390/c8020020Chemical Reduction of GO: Comparing Hydroiodic Acid and Sodium Borohydride Chemical Approaches by X-ray Photoelectron SpectroscopyWei Liu0Giorgio Speranza1MERLin, School of Chemistry, Edgeworth David Building, Level 2, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, AustraliaFondazione Bruno Kessler, Sommarive Str. 18, 38123 Trento, ItalyThe efficiency of two wet chemical processes based on hydroiodic acid (HI) and sodium borohydride (NaBH<sub>4</sub>) used to reduce graphene oxide (GO) have been studied. At this aim, the oxygen abundance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was studied as a function of the reductant concentration. A number of rGO samples were produced and their chemical compositions were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The analyses show that the reduction of the oxygen concentration proceeds non-linearly. At the beginning, when pristine GO is utilized a higher extent of reduction is obtained. The oxygen concentration decreases from ~32% to 10.5% by increasing the HI concentration to 0.24 M. A steeper reduction was observed for NaBH<sub>4</sub>, where the oxygen concentration lowers to ~13.6% using just 50 mg of NaBH<sub>4</sub>. Next, reduction reactions performed with increasing amounts of reductants in aqueous suspensions show a progressive saturation effect, indicating a limit in the final oxygen concentration. We obtained a residual oxygen concentration of 5.3% using 7.58 M of HI and 8.6% with 1200 mg of NaBH<sub>4.</sub> The chemical analysis highlights that the reduction of the oxygen concentration in rGO samples is mainly derived from the cleavage of C-OH bonds and the next reconstruction of C-C bonds.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/8/2/20reduced graphene oxidehydroiodic acidsodium borohydrideXPSchemical analysis |
| spellingShingle | Wei Liu Giorgio Speranza Chemical Reduction of GO: Comparing Hydroiodic Acid and Sodium Borohydride Chemical Approaches by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy C reduced graphene oxide hydroiodic acid sodium borohydride XPS chemical analysis |
| title | Chemical Reduction of GO: Comparing Hydroiodic Acid and Sodium Borohydride Chemical Approaches by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
| title_full | Chemical Reduction of GO: Comparing Hydroiodic Acid and Sodium Borohydride Chemical Approaches by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Reduction of GO: Comparing Hydroiodic Acid and Sodium Borohydride Chemical Approaches by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Reduction of GO: Comparing Hydroiodic Acid and Sodium Borohydride Chemical Approaches by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
| title_short | Chemical Reduction of GO: Comparing Hydroiodic Acid and Sodium Borohydride Chemical Approaches by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
| title_sort | chemical reduction of go comparing hydroiodic acid and sodium borohydride chemical approaches by x ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
| topic | reduced graphene oxide hydroiodic acid sodium borohydride XPS chemical analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/8/2/20 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT weiliu chemicalreductionofgocomparinghydroiodicacidandsodiumborohydridechemicalapproachesbyxrayphotoelectronspectroscopy AT giorgiosperanza chemicalreductionofgocomparinghydroiodicacidandsodiumborohydridechemicalapproachesbyxrayphotoelectronspectroscopy |