Refereeing the Sport of Squash with a Machine Learning System
Squash is a sport where referee decisions are essential to the game. However, these decisions are very subjective in nature. Disputes, both from the players and the audience, regularly occur because the referee made a controversial call. In this study, we propose automating the referee decision proc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/1/25 |
| _version_ | 1827305736487567360 |
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| author | Enqi Ma Zbigniew J. Kabala |
| author_facet | Enqi Ma Zbigniew J. Kabala |
| author_sort | Enqi Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Squash is a sport where referee decisions are essential to the game. However, these decisions are very subjective in nature. Disputes, both from the players and the audience, regularly occur because the referee made a controversial call. In this study, we propose automating the referee decision process through machine learning. We trained neural networks to predict such decisions using data from 400 referee decisions acquired through extensive video footage reviewing and labeling. Six positional values were extracted, including the attacking player’s position, the retreating player’s position, the ball’s position in the frame, the ball’s projected first bounce, the ball’s projected second bounce, and the attacking player’s racket head position. We calculated nine additional distance values, such as the distance between players and the distance from the attacking player’s racket head to the ball’s path. Models were trained on Wolfram Mathematica and Python using these values. The best Wolfram Mathematica model and the best Python model achieved accuracies of 86% ± 3.03% and 85.2% ± 5.1%, respectively. These accuracies surpass 85%, demonstrating near-human performance. Our model has great potential for improvement as it is currently trained with limited, unbalanced data (400 decisions) and lacks crucial data points such as time and speed. The performance of our model is almost surely going to improve significantly with a larger training dataset. Unlike human referees, machine learning models follow a consistent standard, have unlimited attention spans, and make decisions instantly. If the accuracy is improved in the future, the model can potentially serve as an extra refereeing official for both professional and amateur squash matches. Both the analysis of referee decisions in squash and the proposal to automate the process using machine learning is unique to this study. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:04:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c828b433f491404c8a95f87a0c88adae |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2504-4990 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:04:11Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction |
| spelling | doaj.art-c828b433f491404c8a95f87a0c88adae2024-03-27T13:52:06ZengMDPI AGMachine Learning and Knowledge Extraction2504-49902024-03-016150655310.3390/make6010025Refereeing the Sport of Squash with a Machine Learning SystemEnqi Ma0Zbigniew J. Kabala1Pioneer Academics, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USADepartment of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USASquash is a sport where referee decisions are essential to the game. However, these decisions are very subjective in nature. Disputes, both from the players and the audience, regularly occur because the referee made a controversial call. In this study, we propose automating the referee decision process through machine learning. We trained neural networks to predict such decisions using data from 400 referee decisions acquired through extensive video footage reviewing and labeling. Six positional values were extracted, including the attacking player’s position, the retreating player’s position, the ball’s position in the frame, the ball’s projected first bounce, the ball’s projected second bounce, and the attacking player’s racket head position. We calculated nine additional distance values, such as the distance between players and the distance from the attacking player’s racket head to the ball’s path. Models were trained on Wolfram Mathematica and Python using these values. The best Wolfram Mathematica model and the best Python model achieved accuracies of 86% ± 3.03% and 85.2% ± 5.1%, respectively. These accuracies surpass 85%, demonstrating near-human performance. Our model has great potential for improvement as it is currently trained with limited, unbalanced data (400 decisions) and lacks crucial data points such as time and speed. The performance of our model is almost surely going to improve significantly with a larger training dataset. Unlike human referees, machine learning models follow a consistent standard, have unlimited attention spans, and make decisions instantly. If the accuracy is improved in the future, the model can potentially serve as an extra refereeing official for both professional and amateur squash matches. Both the analysis of referee decisions in squash and the proposal to automate the process using machine learning is unique to this study.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/1/25squashrefereeingmachine learningneural networksportreferee |
| spellingShingle | Enqi Ma Zbigniew J. Kabala Refereeing the Sport of Squash with a Machine Learning System Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction squash refereeing machine learning neural network sport referee |
| title | Refereeing the Sport of Squash with a Machine Learning System |
| title_full | Refereeing the Sport of Squash with a Machine Learning System |
| title_fullStr | Refereeing the Sport of Squash with a Machine Learning System |
| title_full_unstemmed | Refereeing the Sport of Squash with a Machine Learning System |
| title_short | Refereeing the Sport of Squash with a Machine Learning System |
| title_sort | refereeing the sport of squash with a machine learning system |
| topic | squash refereeing machine learning neural network sport referee |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/1/25 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT enqima refereeingthesportofsquashwithamachinelearningsystem AT zbigniewjkabala refereeingthesportofsquashwithamachinelearningsystem |