How Good Are RGB Cameras Retrieving Colors of Natural Scenes and Paintings?—A Study Based on Hyperspectral Imaging
RGB digital cameras (RGB) compress the spectral information into a trichromatic system capable of approximately representing the actual colors of objects. Although RGB digital cameras follow the same compression philosophy as the human eye (OBS), the spectral sensitivity is different. To what extent...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-11-01
|
| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6242 |
| _version_ | 1797549130490314752 |
|---|---|
| author | João M. M. Linhares José A. R. Monteiro Ana Bailão Liliana Cardeira Taisei Kondo Shigeki Nakauchi Marcello Picollo Costanza Cucci Andrea Casini Lorenzo Stefani Sérgio Miguel Cardoso Nascimento |
| author_facet | João M. M. Linhares José A. R. Monteiro Ana Bailão Liliana Cardeira Taisei Kondo Shigeki Nakauchi Marcello Picollo Costanza Cucci Andrea Casini Lorenzo Stefani Sérgio Miguel Cardoso Nascimento |
| author_sort | João M. M. Linhares |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | RGB digital cameras (RGB) compress the spectral information into a trichromatic system capable of approximately representing the actual colors of objects. Although RGB digital cameras follow the same compression philosophy as the human eye (OBS), the spectral sensitivity is different. To what extent they provide the same chromatic experiences is still an open question, especially with complex images. We addressed this question by comparing the actual colors derived from spectral imaging with those obtained with RGB cameras. The data from hyperspectral imaging of 50 natural scenes and 89 paintings was used to estimate the chromatic differences between OBS and RGB. The corresponding color errors were estimated and analyzed in the color spaces CIELAB (using the color difference formulas Δ<i>E<sup>*</sup><sub>ab</sub></i> and CIEDE2000), <i>J<sub>z</sub>a<sub>z</sub>b<sub>z</sub></i>, and iCAM06. In CIELAB the most frequent error (using Δ<i>E<sup>*</sup><sub>ab</sub></i>) found was 5 for both paintings and natural scenes, a similarity that held for the other spaces tested. In addition, the distribution of errors across the color space shows that the errors are small in the achromatic region and increase with saturation. Overall, the results indicate that the chromatic errors estimated are close to the acceptance error and therefore RGB digital cameras are able to produce quite realistic colors of complex scenarios. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:10:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c829f4e98f664ab08ed9ba315a12cfe2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:10:01Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-c829f4e98f664ab08ed9ba315a12cfe22023-11-20T19:26:40ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202020-11-012021624210.3390/s20216242How Good Are RGB Cameras Retrieving Colors of Natural Scenes and Paintings?—A Study Based on Hyperspectral ImagingJoão M. M. Linhares0José A. R. Monteiro1Ana Bailão2Liliana Cardeira3Taisei Kondo4Shigeki Nakauchi5Marcello Picollo6Costanza Cucci7Andrea Casini8Lorenzo Stefani9Sérgio Miguel Cardoso Nascimento10Centre of Physics, Gualtar Campus, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, PortugalCentre of Physics, Gualtar Campus, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, PortugalFaculty of Fine Arts, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, PortugalFaculty of Fine Arts, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, PortugalToyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, JapanToyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, JapanIstituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del piano 10, 50019 Firenze, ItalyIstituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del piano 10, 50019 Firenze, ItalyIstituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del piano 10, 50019 Firenze, ItalyIstituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del piano 10, 50019 Firenze, ItalyCentre of Physics, Gualtar Campus, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, PortugalRGB digital cameras (RGB) compress the spectral information into a trichromatic system capable of approximately representing the actual colors of objects. Although RGB digital cameras follow the same compression philosophy as the human eye (OBS), the spectral sensitivity is different. To what extent they provide the same chromatic experiences is still an open question, especially with complex images. We addressed this question by comparing the actual colors derived from spectral imaging with those obtained with RGB cameras. The data from hyperspectral imaging of 50 natural scenes and 89 paintings was used to estimate the chromatic differences between OBS and RGB. The corresponding color errors were estimated and analyzed in the color spaces CIELAB (using the color difference formulas Δ<i>E<sup>*</sup><sub>ab</sub></i> and CIEDE2000), <i>J<sub>z</sub>a<sub>z</sub>b<sub>z</sub></i>, and iCAM06. In CIELAB the most frequent error (using Δ<i>E<sup>*</sup><sub>ab</sub></i>) found was 5 for both paintings and natural scenes, a similarity that held for the other spaces tested. In addition, the distribution of errors across the color space shows that the errors are small in the achromatic region and increase with saturation. Overall, the results indicate that the chromatic errors estimated are close to the acceptance error and therefore RGB digital cameras are able to produce quite realistic colors of complex scenarios.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6242hyperspectral imagingnatural scenespaintingschromatic errorscolor differencenumber of colors. |
| spellingShingle | João M. M. Linhares José A. R. Monteiro Ana Bailão Liliana Cardeira Taisei Kondo Shigeki Nakauchi Marcello Picollo Costanza Cucci Andrea Casini Lorenzo Stefani Sérgio Miguel Cardoso Nascimento How Good Are RGB Cameras Retrieving Colors of Natural Scenes and Paintings?—A Study Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Sensors hyperspectral imaging natural scenes paintings chromatic errors color difference number of colors. |
| title | How Good Are RGB Cameras Retrieving Colors of Natural Scenes and Paintings?—A Study Based on Hyperspectral Imaging |
| title_full | How Good Are RGB Cameras Retrieving Colors of Natural Scenes and Paintings?—A Study Based on Hyperspectral Imaging |
| title_fullStr | How Good Are RGB Cameras Retrieving Colors of Natural Scenes and Paintings?—A Study Based on Hyperspectral Imaging |
| title_full_unstemmed | How Good Are RGB Cameras Retrieving Colors of Natural Scenes and Paintings?—A Study Based on Hyperspectral Imaging |
| title_short | How Good Are RGB Cameras Retrieving Colors of Natural Scenes and Paintings?—A Study Based on Hyperspectral Imaging |
| title_sort | how good are rgb cameras retrieving colors of natural scenes and paintings a study based on hyperspectral imaging |
| topic | hyperspectral imaging natural scenes paintings chromatic errors color difference number of colors. |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/21/6242 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT joaommlinhares howgoodarergbcamerasretrievingcolorsofnaturalscenesandpaintingsastudybasedonhyperspectralimaging AT josearmonteiro howgoodarergbcamerasretrievingcolorsofnaturalscenesandpaintingsastudybasedonhyperspectralimaging AT anabailao howgoodarergbcamerasretrievingcolorsofnaturalscenesandpaintingsastudybasedonhyperspectralimaging AT lilianacardeira howgoodarergbcamerasretrievingcolorsofnaturalscenesandpaintingsastudybasedonhyperspectralimaging AT taiseikondo howgoodarergbcamerasretrievingcolorsofnaturalscenesandpaintingsastudybasedonhyperspectralimaging AT shigekinakauchi howgoodarergbcamerasretrievingcolorsofnaturalscenesandpaintingsastudybasedonhyperspectralimaging AT marcellopicollo howgoodarergbcamerasretrievingcolorsofnaturalscenesandpaintingsastudybasedonhyperspectralimaging AT costanzacucci howgoodarergbcamerasretrievingcolorsofnaturalscenesandpaintingsastudybasedonhyperspectralimaging AT andreacasini howgoodarergbcamerasretrievingcolorsofnaturalscenesandpaintingsastudybasedonhyperspectralimaging AT lorenzostefani howgoodarergbcamerasretrievingcolorsofnaturalscenesandpaintingsastudybasedonhyperspectralimaging AT sergiomiguelcardosonascimento howgoodarergbcamerasretrievingcolorsofnaturalscenesandpaintingsastudybasedonhyperspectralimaging |