<i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i> as an Emerging Cause of Acute Hepatitis Worldwide
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a widespread human infection that causes mainly acute infection and can evolve to a chronic manifestation in immunocompromised individuals. In addition to the common strains of hepatitis E virus (HEV-A), known as <i>Paslahepevirus balayani</i>, pathogenic t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/12/2996 |
| _version_ | 1797380012399132672 |
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| author | Sara Benavent Silvia Carlos Gabriel Reina |
| author_facet | Sara Benavent Silvia Carlos Gabriel Reina |
| author_sort | Sara Benavent |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a widespread human infection that causes mainly acute infection and can evolve to a chronic manifestation in immunocompromised individuals. In addition to the common strains of hepatitis E virus (HEV-A), known as <i>Paslahepevirus balayani</i>, pathogenic to humans, a genetically highly divergent rat origin hepevirus (RHEV) can cause hepatitis possessing a potential risk of cross-species infection and zoonotic transmission. <i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i>, formerly known as <i>Orthohepevirus</i> C, is a single-stranded RNA virus, recently reassigned to <i>Rocahepevirus</i> genus in the <i>Hepeviridae</i> family, including genotypes C1 and C2. RHEV primarily infects rats but has been identified as a rodent zoonotic virus capable of infecting humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water, causing both acute and chronic hepatitis cases in both animals and humans. This review compiles data concluding that 60% (295/489) of RHEV infections are found in Asia, being the continent with the highest zoonotic and transmission potential. Asia not only has the most animal cases but also 16 out of 21 human infections worldwide. Europe follows with 26% (128/489) of RHEV infections in animals, resulting in four human cases out of twenty-one globally. Phylogenetic analysis and genomic sequencing will be employed to gather global data, determine epidemiology, and assess geographical distribution. This information will enhance diagnostic accuracy, pathogenesis understanding, and help prevent cross-species transmission, particularly to humans. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:31:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c82ac042637443ec98e881e8ec63d3e1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:31:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-c82ac042637443ec98e881e8ec63d3e12023-12-22T14:26:20ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072023-12-011112299610.3390/microorganisms11122996<i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i> as an Emerging Cause of Acute Hepatitis WorldwideSara Benavent0Silvia Carlos1Gabriel Reina2Microbiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, SpainDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, SpainMicrobiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, SpainThe hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a widespread human infection that causes mainly acute infection and can evolve to a chronic manifestation in immunocompromised individuals. In addition to the common strains of hepatitis E virus (HEV-A), known as <i>Paslahepevirus balayani</i>, pathogenic to humans, a genetically highly divergent rat origin hepevirus (RHEV) can cause hepatitis possessing a potential risk of cross-species infection and zoonotic transmission. <i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i>, formerly known as <i>Orthohepevirus</i> C, is a single-stranded RNA virus, recently reassigned to <i>Rocahepevirus</i> genus in the <i>Hepeviridae</i> family, including genotypes C1 and C2. RHEV primarily infects rats but has been identified as a rodent zoonotic virus capable of infecting humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water, causing both acute and chronic hepatitis cases in both animals and humans. This review compiles data concluding that 60% (295/489) of RHEV infections are found in Asia, being the continent with the highest zoonotic and transmission potential. Asia not only has the most animal cases but also 16 out of 21 human infections worldwide. Europe follows with 26% (128/489) of RHEV infections in animals, resulting in four human cases out of twenty-one globally. Phylogenetic analysis and genomic sequencing will be employed to gather global data, determine epidemiology, and assess geographical distribution. This information will enhance diagnostic accuracy, pathogenesis understanding, and help prevent cross-species transmission, particularly to humans.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/12/2996hepatitis E<i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i><i>Orthohepevirus</i> CRHEVHEV-Crodent |
| spellingShingle | Sara Benavent Silvia Carlos Gabriel Reina <i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i> as an Emerging Cause of Acute Hepatitis Worldwide Microorganisms hepatitis E <i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i> <i>Orthohepevirus</i> C RHEV HEV-C rodent |
| title | <i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i> as an Emerging Cause of Acute Hepatitis Worldwide |
| title_full | <i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i> as an Emerging Cause of Acute Hepatitis Worldwide |
| title_fullStr | <i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i> as an Emerging Cause of Acute Hepatitis Worldwide |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i> as an Emerging Cause of Acute Hepatitis Worldwide |
| title_short | <i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i> as an Emerging Cause of Acute Hepatitis Worldwide |
| title_sort | i rocahepevirus ratti i as an emerging cause of acute hepatitis worldwide |
| topic | hepatitis E <i>Rocahepevirus ratti</i> <i>Orthohepevirus</i> C RHEV HEV-C rodent |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/12/2996 |
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