Autism: genetics, environmental stressors, maternal immune activation, and the male bias in autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a class of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) characterized by deficits in three domains: impairments in social interactions, language, and communication, and increased stereotyped restrictive/repetitive behaviors and interests. The exact etiology of ASD remains unk...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Open Exploration Publishing Inc.
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ent/Article/100425 |
| _version_ | 1818497323314970624 |
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| author | Sarah Otaru David A. Lawrence |
| author_facet | Sarah Otaru David A. Lawrence |
| author_sort | Sarah Otaru |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a class of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) characterized by deficits in three domains: impairments in social interactions, language, and communication, and increased stereotyped restrictive/repetitive behaviors and interests. The exact etiology of ASD remains unknown. Genetics, gestational exposure to inflammation, and environmental stressors, which combine to affect mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolism, are implicated yet poorly understood contributors and incompletely delineated pathways toward the relative risk of ASD. Many studies have shown a clear male bias in the incidence of ASD and other NDD. In other words, being male is a significant yet poorly understood risk factor for the development of NDD. This review discusses the link between these factors by looking at the current body of evidence. Understanding the link between the multiplicity of hits—from genes to environmental stressors and possible sexual determinants, contributing to autism susceptibility is critical to developing targeted interventions to mitigate these risks. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T18:44:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c8331fac102047fbb2e63b4e661a27c2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2769-6510 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T18:44:11Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | Open Exploration Publishing Inc. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy |
| spelling | doaj.art-c8331fac102047fbb2e63b4e661a27c22022-12-22T01:37:35ZengOpen Exploration Publishing Inc.Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy2769-65102022-08-012414116110.37349/ent.2022.00025Autism: genetics, environmental stressors, maternal immune activation, and the male bias in autismSarah Otaru0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9533-2582David A. Lawrence1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-9640Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USADepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USAAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a class of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) characterized by deficits in three domains: impairments in social interactions, language, and communication, and increased stereotyped restrictive/repetitive behaviors and interests. The exact etiology of ASD remains unknown. Genetics, gestational exposure to inflammation, and environmental stressors, which combine to affect mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolism, are implicated yet poorly understood contributors and incompletely delineated pathways toward the relative risk of ASD. Many studies have shown a clear male bias in the incidence of ASD and other NDD. In other words, being male is a significant yet poorly understood risk factor for the development of NDD. This review discusses the link between these factors by looking at the current body of evidence. Understanding the link between the multiplicity of hits—from genes to environmental stressors and possible sexual determinants, contributing to autism susceptibility is critical to developing targeted interventions to mitigate these risks.https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ent/Article/100425etiology of autism spectrum disordermitochondrial dysfunctionoxidative stressinflammationgut-brain axismicrobiome |
| spellingShingle | Sarah Otaru David A. Lawrence Autism: genetics, environmental stressors, maternal immune activation, and the male bias in autism Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy etiology of autism spectrum disorder mitochondrial dysfunction oxidative stress inflammation gut-brain axis microbiome |
| title | Autism: genetics, environmental stressors, maternal immune activation, and the male bias in autism |
| title_full | Autism: genetics, environmental stressors, maternal immune activation, and the male bias in autism |
| title_fullStr | Autism: genetics, environmental stressors, maternal immune activation, and the male bias in autism |
| title_full_unstemmed | Autism: genetics, environmental stressors, maternal immune activation, and the male bias in autism |
| title_short | Autism: genetics, environmental stressors, maternal immune activation, and the male bias in autism |
| title_sort | autism genetics environmental stressors maternal immune activation and the male bias in autism |
| topic | etiology of autism spectrum disorder mitochondrial dysfunction oxidative stress inflammation gut-brain axis microbiome |
| url | https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ent/Article/100425 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sarahotaru autismgeneticsenvironmentalstressorsmaternalimmuneactivationandthemalebiasinautism AT davidalawrence autismgeneticsenvironmentalstressorsmaternalimmuneactivationandthemalebiasinautism |