The Effect of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> Hypovirus 1 (ThHV1) and Its Defective RNA ThHV1-S on the Antifungal Activity and Metabolome of <i>Trichoderma koningiopsis</i> T-51
Mycoviruses widely exist in filamentous fungi and sometimes cause phenotypic changes in hosts. <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> hypovirus 1 (ThHV1) and its defective RNA ThHV1-S were found in <i>T. harzianum</i> and exhibited high transmissibility. In our previous study, ThHV1 an...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| author | Jiaqi You Zheng Hu Chaohan Li Hongjuan Yang Lihua Zhu Biting Cao Ronghao Song Weihong Gu |
| author_facet | Jiaqi You Zheng Hu Chaohan Li Hongjuan Yang Lihua Zhu Biting Cao Ronghao Song Weihong Gu |
| author_sort | Jiaqi You |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mycoviruses widely exist in filamentous fungi and sometimes cause phenotypic changes in hosts. <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> hypovirus 1 (ThHV1) and its defective RNA ThHV1-S were found in <i>T. harzianum</i> and exhibited high transmissibility. In our previous study, ThHV1 and ThHV1-S were transferred to an excellent biological control agent <i>T. koningiopsis</i> T-51 to form a derivative strain 51-13. In this study, we assessed the metabolic changes in strain 51-13 and antifungal activity of its culture filtrate (CF) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The antifungal activity of CF and VOCs of T-51 and 51-13 was different. Compared with the CF of T-51, that of 51-13 exhibited high inhibitory activity against <i>B. cinerea</i>, <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i>, and <i>Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum</i> but low inhibitory activity against <i>Leptosphaeria biglobosa</i> and <i>Villosiclava virens</i>. The VOCs of 51-13 exhibited high inhibitory activity against <i>F. oxysporum</i> but low inhibitory activity against <i>B. cinerea</i>. The transcriptomes of T-51 and 51-13 were compared; 5531 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in 51-13 with 2904 up- and 2627 downregulated genes. In KEGG enrichment analysis, 1127 DEGs related to metabolic pathways (57.53%) and 396 DEGs related to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (20.21%) were clearly enriched. From the CF of T-51 and 51-13, 134 differential secondary metabolites (DSMs) were detected between T-51 and 51-13 with 39 up- and 95 downregulated metabolites. From these, 13 upregulated metabolites were selected to test their antifungal activity against <i>B. cinerea</i>. Among them, indole-3-lactic acid and p-coumaric acid methyl ester (MeCA) exhibited strong antifungal activity. The IC<sub>50</sub> of MeCA was 657.35 μM and four genes possibly related to the synthesis of MeCA exhibited higher expression in 51-13 than in T-51. This study revealed the mechanism underlying the increase in antifungal activity of T-51 because of the mycovirus and provided novel insights in fungal engineering to obtain bioactive metabolites via mycoviruses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:36:05Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-c842285979ca4d039b9d2da85d8b99202023-11-16T21:30:08ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2023-01-019217510.3390/jof9020175The Effect of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> Hypovirus 1 (ThHV1) and Its Defective RNA ThHV1-S on the Antifungal Activity and Metabolome of <i>Trichoderma koningiopsis</i> T-51Jiaqi You0Zheng Hu1Chaohan Li2Hongjuan Yang3Lihua Zhu4Biting Cao5Ronghao Song6Weihong Gu7Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201106, ChinaInstitute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 201106, ChinaHorticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201106, ChinaHorticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201106, ChinaHorticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201106, ChinaHorticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201106, ChinaPlant Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 201106, ChinaHorticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201106, ChinaMycoviruses widely exist in filamentous fungi and sometimes cause phenotypic changes in hosts. <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> hypovirus 1 (ThHV1) and its defective RNA ThHV1-S were found in <i>T. harzianum</i> and exhibited high transmissibility. In our previous study, ThHV1 and ThHV1-S were transferred to an excellent biological control agent <i>T. koningiopsis</i> T-51 to form a derivative strain 51-13. In this study, we assessed the metabolic changes in strain 51-13 and antifungal activity of its culture filtrate (CF) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The antifungal activity of CF and VOCs of T-51 and 51-13 was different. Compared with the CF of T-51, that of 51-13 exhibited high inhibitory activity against <i>B. cinerea</i>, <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i>, and <i>Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum</i> but low inhibitory activity against <i>Leptosphaeria biglobosa</i> and <i>Villosiclava virens</i>. The VOCs of 51-13 exhibited high inhibitory activity against <i>F. oxysporum</i> but low inhibitory activity against <i>B. cinerea</i>. The transcriptomes of T-51 and 51-13 were compared; 5531 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in 51-13 with 2904 up- and 2627 downregulated genes. In KEGG enrichment analysis, 1127 DEGs related to metabolic pathways (57.53%) and 396 DEGs related to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (20.21%) were clearly enriched. From the CF of T-51 and 51-13, 134 differential secondary metabolites (DSMs) were detected between T-51 and 51-13 with 39 up- and 95 downregulated metabolites. From these, 13 upregulated metabolites were selected to test their antifungal activity against <i>B. cinerea</i>. Among them, indole-3-lactic acid and p-coumaric acid methyl ester (MeCA) exhibited strong antifungal activity. The IC<sub>50</sub> of MeCA was 657.35 μM and four genes possibly related to the synthesis of MeCA exhibited higher expression in 51-13 than in T-51. This study revealed the mechanism underlying the increase in antifungal activity of T-51 because of the mycovirus and provided novel insights in fungal engineering to obtain bioactive metabolites via mycoviruses.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/2/175<i>Trichoderma</i>mycovirusantifungal activitymetabolomebiological control |
| spellingShingle | Jiaqi You Zheng Hu Chaohan Li Hongjuan Yang Lihua Zhu Biting Cao Ronghao Song Weihong Gu The Effect of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> Hypovirus 1 (ThHV1) and Its Defective RNA ThHV1-S on the Antifungal Activity and Metabolome of <i>Trichoderma koningiopsis</i> T-51 Journal of Fungi <i>Trichoderma</i> mycovirus antifungal activity metabolome biological control |
| title | The Effect of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> Hypovirus 1 (ThHV1) and Its Defective RNA ThHV1-S on the Antifungal Activity and Metabolome of <i>Trichoderma koningiopsis</i> T-51 |
| title_full | The Effect of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> Hypovirus 1 (ThHV1) and Its Defective RNA ThHV1-S on the Antifungal Activity and Metabolome of <i>Trichoderma koningiopsis</i> T-51 |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> Hypovirus 1 (ThHV1) and Its Defective RNA ThHV1-S on the Antifungal Activity and Metabolome of <i>Trichoderma koningiopsis</i> T-51 |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> Hypovirus 1 (ThHV1) and Its Defective RNA ThHV1-S on the Antifungal Activity and Metabolome of <i>Trichoderma koningiopsis</i> T-51 |
| title_short | The Effect of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> Hypovirus 1 (ThHV1) and Its Defective RNA ThHV1-S on the Antifungal Activity and Metabolome of <i>Trichoderma koningiopsis</i> T-51 |
| title_sort | effect of i trichoderma harzianum i hypovirus 1 thhv1 and its defective rna thhv1 s on the antifungal activity and metabolome of i trichoderma koningiopsis i t 51 |
| topic | <i>Trichoderma</i> mycovirus antifungal activity metabolome biological control |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/2/175 |
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