Comparative Efficacy of <i>Chondrosterum purpureum</i> and Chemical Herbicides for Control of Resprouts in Tanoak and Bay Laurel
The invasive Oomycete pathogen <i>Phytophthora ramorum</i> has killed millions of susceptible oak and tanoak trees in California and southern Oregon forests and is responsible for losses in revenue to the nursery industry through mitigation activities. In addition, infestation of forests...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/5/485 |
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| author | Simon Francis Shamoun Marianne Elliott |
| author_facet | Simon Francis Shamoun Marianne Elliott |
| author_sort | Simon Francis Shamoun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The invasive Oomycete pathogen <i>Phytophthora ramorum</i> has killed millions of susceptible oak and tanoak trees in California and southern Oregon forests and is responsible for losses in revenue to the nursery industry through mitigation activities. In addition, infestation of forests in the United Kingdom by this organism has resulted in the destruction of many hectares of larch plantations. Resprouting stumps can be a reservoir for the inoculum of <i>P. ramorum</i> persisting on a site. In areas where the application of herbicides is not permitted, a biocontrol treatment would be an indispensable alternative. Treatment of stumps with the sap-rotting fungus <i>Chondrostereum purpureum</i> (Pers.) Pouzar has been shown to be an effective tool for the suppression of resprouting on several species, most notably red alder. In this project, the ability of <i>C. purpureum</i> to suppress resprouting was evaluated on stumps of two host species, tanoak (<i>Notholithocarpus densiflorus</i>) and California bay laurel (<i>Umbellularia californica</i>). Laboratory testing of three California isolates of <i>C. purpureum</i> indicated that the fungus can colonize bay laurel stems. Field trials were established near Brookings, Oregon, on tanoak and on bay laurel near Soquel, California. Early results of field testing showed that <i>C. purpureum</i> was able to colonize the stumps of tanoak following treatment and was found to occur naturally on tanoak logs and stumps. Formulations of <i>C. purpureum</i> appear to have some effect on reducing sprout survival in tanoak, but the most effective and rapid treatment for this host is the hack and squirt method of applying the herbicide imazapyr. Sprayed herbicide prevents sprouting on bay laurel, and there was evidence that resprouting was inhibited on stumps treated with <i>C. purpureum</i>. Over time, applications of <i>C. purpureum</i> may be a more permanent solution as the stumps begin to decay. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:12:44Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:12:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-c85d13251bff4d3087e6de63663731a02023-11-23T12:31:21ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-04-0111548510.3390/pathogens11050485Comparative Efficacy of <i>Chondrosterum purpureum</i> and Chemical Herbicides for Control of Resprouts in Tanoak and Bay LaurelSimon Francis Shamoun0Marianne Elliott1Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, CanadaPuyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, WA 98371, USAThe invasive Oomycete pathogen <i>Phytophthora ramorum</i> has killed millions of susceptible oak and tanoak trees in California and southern Oregon forests and is responsible for losses in revenue to the nursery industry through mitigation activities. In addition, infestation of forests in the United Kingdom by this organism has resulted in the destruction of many hectares of larch plantations. Resprouting stumps can be a reservoir for the inoculum of <i>P. ramorum</i> persisting on a site. In areas where the application of herbicides is not permitted, a biocontrol treatment would be an indispensable alternative. Treatment of stumps with the sap-rotting fungus <i>Chondrostereum purpureum</i> (Pers.) Pouzar has been shown to be an effective tool for the suppression of resprouting on several species, most notably red alder. In this project, the ability of <i>C. purpureum</i> to suppress resprouting was evaluated on stumps of two host species, tanoak (<i>Notholithocarpus densiflorus</i>) and California bay laurel (<i>Umbellularia californica</i>). Laboratory testing of three California isolates of <i>C. purpureum</i> indicated that the fungus can colonize bay laurel stems. Field trials were established near Brookings, Oregon, on tanoak and on bay laurel near Soquel, California. Early results of field testing showed that <i>C. purpureum</i> was able to colonize the stumps of tanoak following treatment and was found to occur naturally on tanoak logs and stumps. Formulations of <i>C. purpureum</i> appear to have some effect on reducing sprout survival in tanoak, but the most effective and rapid treatment for this host is the hack and squirt method of applying the herbicide imazapyr. Sprayed herbicide prevents sprouting on bay laurel, and there was evidence that resprouting was inhibited on stumps treated with <i>C. purpureum</i>. Over time, applications of <i>C. purpureum</i> may be a more permanent solution as the stumps begin to decay.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/5/485biological control<i>Chondrostereum purpureum</i>forest vegetation managementsprout control<i>Phytophthora ramorum</i>sudden oak death |
| spellingShingle | Simon Francis Shamoun Marianne Elliott Comparative Efficacy of <i>Chondrosterum purpureum</i> and Chemical Herbicides for Control of Resprouts in Tanoak and Bay Laurel Pathogens biological control <i>Chondrostereum purpureum</i> forest vegetation management sprout control <i>Phytophthora ramorum</i> sudden oak death |
| title | Comparative Efficacy of <i>Chondrosterum purpureum</i> and Chemical Herbicides for Control of Resprouts in Tanoak and Bay Laurel |
| title_full | Comparative Efficacy of <i>Chondrosterum purpureum</i> and Chemical Herbicides for Control of Resprouts in Tanoak and Bay Laurel |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Efficacy of <i>Chondrosterum purpureum</i> and Chemical Herbicides for Control of Resprouts in Tanoak and Bay Laurel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Efficacy of <i>Chondrosterum purpureum</i> and Chemical Herbicides for Control of Resprouts in Tanoak and Bay Laurel |
| title_short | Comparative Efficacy of <i>Chondrosterum purpureum</i> and Chemical Herbicides for Control of Resprouts in Tanoak and Bay Laurel |
| title_sort | comparative efficacy of i chondrosterum purpureum i and chemical herbicides for control of resprouts in tanoak and bay laurel |
| topic | biological control <i>Chondrostereum purpureum</i> forest vegetation management sprout control <i>Phytophthora ramorum</i> sudden oak death |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/5/485 |
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