Extraction of Cannabinoids from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (Hemp)—Review
Cannabis plant has long been execrated by law in different nations due to the psychoactive properties of only a few cannabinoids. Recent scientific advances coupled with growing public awareness of cannabinoids as a medical commodity drove legislation change and brought about a historic transition w...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/5/384 |
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| author | Mehrab Valizadehderakhshan Abolghasem Shahbazi Masoud Kazem-Rostami Matthew Scott Todd Arnab Bhowmik Lijun Wang |
| author_facet | Mehrab Valizadehderakhshan Abolghasem Shahbazi Masoud Kazem-Rostami Matthew Scott Todd Arnab Bhowmik Lijun Wang |
| author_sort | Mehrab Valizadehderakhshan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cannabis plant has long been execrated by law in different nations due to the psychoactive properties of only a few cannabinoids. Recent scientific advances coupled with growing public awareness of cannabinoids as a medical commodity drove legislation change and brought about a historic transition where the demand rose over ten-fold in less than five years. On the other hand, the technology required for cannabis processing and the extraction of the most valuable chemical compounds from the cannabis flower remains the bottleneck of processing technology. This paper sheds light on the downstream processing steps and principles involved in producing cannabinoids from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (Hemp) biomass. By categorizing the extraction technology into seed and trichome, we examined and critiqued different pretreatment methods and technological options available for large-scale extraction in both categories. Solvent extraction methods being the main focus, the critical decision-making parameters in each stage, and the applicable current technologies in the field, were discussed. We further examined the factors affecting the cannabinoid transformation that changes the medical functionality of the final cannabinoid products. Based on the current trends, the extraction technologies are continuously being revised and enhanced, yet they still fail to keep up with market demands. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:02:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c8a4a4a377c94ce1a8d4f739b363313c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:02:15Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-c8a4a4a377c94ce1a8d4f739b363313c2023-11-21T16:53:24ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722021-04-0111538410.3390/agriculture11050384Extraction of Cannabinoids from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (Hemp)—ReviewMehrab Valizadehderakhshan0Abolghasem Shahbazi1Masoud Kazem-Rostami2Matthew Scott Todd3Arnab Bhowmik4Lijun Wang5Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN), Department of Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USABiological Engineering Program, Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USADepartment of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USABiological Engineering Program, Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USADepartment of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USABiological Engineering Program, Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USACannabis plant has long been execrated by law in different nations due to the psychoactive properties of only a few cannabinoids. Recent scientific advances coupled with growing public awareness of cannabinoids as a medical commodity drove legislation change and brought about a historic transition where the demand rose over ten-fold in less than five years. On the other hand, the technology required for cannabis processing and the extraction of the most valuable chemical compounds from the cannabis flower remains the bottleneck of processing technology. This paper sheds light on the downstream processing steps and principles involved in producing cannabinoids from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (Hemp) biomass. By categorizing the extraction technology into seed and trichome, we examined and critiqued different pretreatment methods and technological options available for large-scale extraction in both categories. Solvent extraction methods being the main focus, the critical decision-making parameters in each stage, and the applicable current technologies in the field, were discussed. We further examined the factors affecting the cannabinoid transformation that changes the medical functionality of the final cannabinoid products. Based on the current trends, the extraction technologies are continuously being revised and enhanced, yet they still fail to keep up with market demands.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/5/384cannabinoidsorganic solvent extraction (OSE)supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)CBD purificationcannabinoid transformation |
| spellingShingle | Mehrab Valizadehderakhshan Abolghasem Shahbazi Masoud Kazem-Rostami Matthew Scott Todd Arnab Bhowmik Lijun Wang Extraction of Cannabinoids from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (Hemp)—Review Agriculture cannabinoids organic solvent extraction (OSE) supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) CBD purification cannabinoid transformation |
| title | Extraction of Cannabinoids from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (Hemp)—Review |
| title_full | Extraction of Cannabinoids from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (Hemp)—Review |
| title_fullStr | Extraction of Cannabinoids from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (Hemp)—Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extraction of Cannabinoids from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (Hemp)—Review |
| title_short | Extraction of Cannabinoids from <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (Hemp)—Review |
| title_sort | extraction of cannabinoids from i cannabis sativa i l hemp review |
| topic | cannabinoids organic solvent extraction (OSE) supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) CBD purification cannabinoid transformation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/5/384 |
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