Development of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers: From CSF- to Blood-Based Biomarkers
In the 115 years since the discovery of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), our knowledge, diagnosis, and therapeutics have significantly improved. Biomarkers are the primary tools for clinical research, diagnostics, and therapeutic monitoring in clinical trials. They provide much insightful information, and...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/4/850 |
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| author | Sakulrat Mankhong Sujin Kim Seongju Lee Hyo-Bum Kwak Dong-Ho Park Kyung-Lim Joa Ju-Hee Kang |
| author_facet | Sakulrat Mankhong Sujin Kim Seongju Lee Hyo-Bum Kwak Dong-Ho Park Kyung-Lim Joa Ju-Hee Kang |
| author_sort | Sakulrat Mankhong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the 115 years since the discovery of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), our knowledge, diagnosis, and therapeutics have significantly improved. Biomarkers are the primary tools for clinical research, diagnostics, and therapeutic monitoring in clinical trials. They provide much insightful information, and while they are not clinically used routinely, they help us to understand the mechanisms of this disease. This review charts the journey of AD biomarker discovery and development from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ42), total tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) biomarkers and imaging technologies to the next generation of biomarkers. We also discuss advanced high-sensitivity assay platforms for CSF Aβ42, T-tau, p-tau, and blood analysis. The recently proposed Aβ deposition/tau biomarker/neurodegeneration or neuronal injury (ATN) scheme might facilitate the definition of the biological status underpinning AD and offer a common language among researchers across biochemical biomarkers and imaging. Moreover, we highlight blood-based biomarkers for AD that offer a scalable alternative to CSF biomarkers through cost-saving and reduced invasiveness, and may provide an understanding of disease initiation and development. We discuss different groups of blood-based biomarker candidates, their advantages and limitations, and paths forward, from identification and analysis to clinical validation. The development of valid blood-based biomarkers may facilitate the implementation of future AD therapeutics and diagnostics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:07:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c8b804f9fafa4ce3a8055554bf49ac6a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:07:29Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-c8b804f9fafa4ce3a8055554bf49ac6a2023-12-01T00:54:18ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592022-04-0110485010.3390/biomedicines10040850Development of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers: From CSF- to Blood-Based BiomarkersSakulrat Mankhong0Sujin Kim1Seongju Lee2Hyo-Bum Kwak3Dong-Ho Park4Kyung-Lim Joa5Ju-Hee Kang6Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, KoreaDepartment of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, KoreaProgram in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, KoreaProgram in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, KoreaProgram in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, KoreaDepartment of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, KoreaDepartment of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, KoreaIn the 115 years since the discovery of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), our knowledge, diagnosis, and therapeutics have significantly improved. Biomarkers are the primary tools for clinical research, diagnostics, and therapeutic monitoring in clinical trials. They provide much insightful information, and while they are not clinically used routinely, they help us to understand the mechanisms of this disease. This review charts the journey of AD biomarker discovery and development from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ42), total tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) biomarkers and imaging technologies to the next generation of biomarkers. We also discuss advanced high-sensitivity assay platforms for CSF Aβ42, T-tau, p-tau, and blood analysis. The recently proposed Aβ deposition/tau biomarker/neurodegeneration or neuronal injury (ATN) scheme might facilitate the definition of the biological status underpinning AD and offer a common language among researchers across biochemical biomarkers and imaging. Moreover, we highlight blood-based biomarkers for AD that offer a scalable alternative to CSF biomarkers through cost-saving and reduced invasiveness, and may provide an understanding of disease initiation and development. We discuss different groups of blood-based biomarker candidates, their advantages and limitations, and paths forward, from identification and analysis to clinical validation. The development of valid blood-based biomarkers may facilitate the implementation of future AD therapeutics and diagnostics.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/4/850Alzheimer’s biomarkercerebrospinal fluidblood-based biomarkerclinical trialamyloid-betatau |
| spellingShingle | Sakulrat Mankhong Sujin Kim Seongju Lee Hyo-Bum Kwak Dong-Ho Park Kyung-Lim Joa Ju-Hee Kang Development of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers: From CSF- to Blood-Based Biomarkers Biomedicines Alzheimer’s biomarker cerebrospinal fluid blood-based biomarker clinical trial amyloid-beta tau |
| title | Development of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers: From CSF- to Blood-Based Biomarkers |
| title_full | Development of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers: From CSF- to Blood-Based Biomarkers |
| title_fullStr | Development of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers: From CSF- to Blood-Based Biomarkers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers: From CSF- to Blood-Based Biomarkers |
| title_short | Development of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers: From CSF- to Blood-Based Biomarkers |
| title_sort | development of alzheimer s disease biomarkers from csf to blood based biomarkers |
| topic | Alzheimer’s biomarker cerebrospinal fluid blood-based biomarker clinical trial amyloid-beta tau |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/4/850 |
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