Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications
We present a review of the Penrose process and its modifications in relation to the Kerr black holes and naked singularities (superspinars). We introduce the standard variant of this process, its magnetic version connected with magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities, the electric variant...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/11/416 |
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| author | Zdeněk Stuchlík Martin Kološ Arman Tursunov |
| author_facet | Zdeněk Stuchlík Martin Kološ Arman Tursunov |
| author_sort | Zdeněk Stuchlík |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present a review of the Penrose process and its modifications in relation to the Kerr black holes and naked singularities (superspinars). We introduce the standard variant of this process, its magnetic version connected with magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities, the electric variant related to electrically charged Schwarzschild black holes, and the radiative Penrose process connected with charged particles radiating in the ergosphere of magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities. We discuss the astrophysical implications of the variants of the Penrose process, concentrating attention to the extreme regime of the magnetic Penrose process leading to extremely large acceleration of charged particles up to ultra-high energy <i>E</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>22</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> eV around magnetized supermassive black holes with mass <i>M</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>10</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>M</mi><mo>⊙</mo></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and magnetic intensity <i>B</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>4</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> G. Similarly high energies can be obtained by the electric Penrose process. The extraordinary case is represented by the radiative Penrose process that can occur only around magnetized Kerr spacetimes but just inside their ergosphere, in contrast to the magnetic Penrose process that can occur in a more extended effective ergosphere determined by the intensity of the electromagnetic interaction. The explanation is simple, as the radiative Penrose process is closely related to radiated photons with negative energy whose existence is limited just to the ergosphere. |
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c8d50dccaf364d08851ce85fd3a28e6b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1997 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:00:31Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| series | Universe |
| spelling | doaj.art-c8d50dccaf364d08851ce85fd3a28e6b2023-11-23T01:50:18ZengMDPI AGUniverse2218-19972021-10-0171141610.3390/universe7110416Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical ApplicationsZdeněk Stuchlík0Martin Kološ1Arman Tursunov2Research Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Institute of Physics, Silesian University in Opava, Bezručovo nám.13, CZ-74601 Opava, Czech RepublicResearch Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Institute of Physics, Silesian University in Opava, Bezručovo nám.13, CZ-74601 Opava, Czech RepublicResearch Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Institute of Physics, Silesian University in Opava, Bezručovo nám.13, CZ-74601 Opava, Czech RepublicWe present a review of the Penrose process and its modifications in relation to the Kerr black holes and naked singularities (superspinars). We introduce the standard variant of this process, its magnetic version connected with magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities, the electric variant related to electrically charged Schwarzschild black holes, and the radiative Penrose process connected with charged particles radiating in the ergosphere of magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities. We discuss the astrophysical implications of the variants of the Penrose process, concentrating attention to the extreme regime of the magnetic Penrose process leading to extremely large acceleration of charged particles up to ultra-high energy <i>E</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>22</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> eV around magnetized supermassive black holes with mass <i>M</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>10</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>M</mi><mo>⊙</mo></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and magnetic intensity <i>B</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>4</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> G. Similarly high energies can be obtained by the electric Penrose process. The extraordinary case is represented by the radiative Penrose process that can occur only around magnetized Kerr spacetimes but just inside their ergosphere, in contrast to the magnetic Penrose process that can occur in a more extended effective ergosphere determined by the intensity of the electromagnetic interaction. The explanation is simple, as the radiative Penrose process is closely related to radiated photons with negative energy whose existence is limited just to the ergosphere.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/11/416rotating black holesaccretion disksmagnetic fieldsultra-high energy particles |
| spellingShingle | Zdeněk Stuchlík Martin Kološ Arman Tursunov Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications Universe rotating black holes accretion disks magnetic fields ultra-high energy particles |
| title | Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications |
| title_full | Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications |
| title_fullStr | Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications |
| title_short | Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications |
| title_sort | penrose process its variants and astrophysical applications |
| topic | rotating black holes accretion disks magnetic fields ultra-high energy particles |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/11/416 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zdenekstuchlik penroseprocessitsvariantsandastrophysicalapplications AT martinkolos penroseprocessitsvariantsandastrophysicalapplications AT armantursunov penroseprocessitsvariantsandastrophysicalapplications |