Comparisons of Combined Oxidant Capacity and Redox-Weighted Oxidant Capacity in Their Association with Increasing Levels of COVID-19 Infection
Background: Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) are substances with oxidizing ability in the atmosphere. Only considering the impact of a single substance is not comprehensive. However, people’s understanding of “total oxidation capacity” (O<sub>...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/4/569 |
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| author | Huibin Guo Yidan Wang Kaixing Yao Liu Yang Shiyu Cheng |
| author_facet | Huibin Guo Yidan Wang Kaixing Yao Liu Yang Shiyu Cheng |
| author_sort | Huibin Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) are substances with oxidizing ability in the atmosphere. Only considering the impact of a single substance is not comprehensive. However, people’s understanding of “total oxidation capacity” (O<sub>x</sub>) and “weighted average oxidation” (O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup>) is limited. Objectives: This investigation aims to assess the impact of O<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup> on the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We also compared the relationship between the different calculation methods of O<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup> and the COVID-19 infection rate. Method: We recorded confirmed COVID-19 cases and daily pollutant concentrations (O<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub>) in 34 provincial capital cities in China. The generalized additive model (GAM) was used to analyze the nonlinear relationship between confirmed COVID-19 cases and O<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup>. Result: Our results indicated that the correlation between O<sub>x</sub> and COVID-19 was more sensitive than O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup>. The hysteresis effect of O<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup> decreased with time. The most obvious statistical data was observed in Central China and South China. A 10 µg m<sup>−3</sup> increase in mean O<sub>x</sub> concentrations were related to a 23.1% (95%CI: 11.4%, 36.2%) increase, and a 10 µg m<sup>−3</sup> increase in average O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup> concentration was related to 10.7% (95%CI: 5.2%, 16.8%) increase in COVID-19. In conclusion, our research results show that O<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup> can better replace the single pollutant research on O<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub>, which is used as a new idea for future epidemiological research. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:10:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c8fcca747ec940fab4c93d2bd30144b8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:10:25Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-c8fcca747ec940fab4c93d2bd30144b82023-12-01T00:46:46ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332022-04-0113456910.3390/atmos13040569Comparisons of Combined Oxidant Capacity and Redox-Weighted Oxidant Capacity in Their Association with Increasing Levels of COVID-19 InfectionHuibin Guo0Yidan Wang1Kaixing Yao2Liu Yang3Shiyu Cheng4Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, ChinaBackground: Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) are substances with oxidizing ability in the atmosphere. Only considering the impact of a single substance is not comprehensive. However, people’s understanding of “total oxidation capacity” (O<sub>x</sub>) and “weighted average oxidation” (O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup>) is limited. Objectives: This investigation aims to assess the impact of O<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup> on the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We also compared the relationship between the different calculation methods of O<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup> and the COVID-19 infection rate. Method: We recorded confirmed COVID-19 cases and daily pollutant concentrations (O<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub>) in 34 provincial capital cities in China. The generalized additive model (GAM) was used to analyze the nonlinear relationship between confirmed COVID-19 cases and O<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup>. Result: Our results indicated that the correlation between O<sub>x</sub> and COVID-19 was more sensitive than O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup>. The hysteresis effect of O<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup> decreased with time. The most obvious statistical data was observed in Central China and South China. A 10 µg m<sup>−3</sup> increase in mean O<sub>x</sub> concentrations were related to a 23.1% (95%CI: 11.4%, 36.2%) increase, and a 10 µg m<sup>−3</sup> increase in average O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup> concentration was related to 10.7% (95%CI: 5.2%, 16.8%) increase in COVID-19. In conclusion, our research results show that O<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>x</sub><sup>wt</sup> can better replace the single pollutant research on O<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub>, which is used as a new idea for future epidemiological research.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/4/569oxidantsCOVID-19air pollutionGAMozonenitrogen dioxide |
| spellingShingle | Huibin Guo Yidan Wang Kaixing Yao Liu Yang Shiyu Cheng Comparisons of Combined Oxidant Capacity and Redox-Weighted Oxidant Capacity in Their Association with Increasing Levels of COVID-19 Infection Atmosphere oxidants COVID-19 air pollution GAM ozone nitrogen dioxide |
| title | Comparisons of Combined Oxidant Capacity and Redox-Weighted Oxidant Capacity in Their Association with Increasing Levels of COVID-19 Infection |
| title_full | Comparisons of Combined Oxidant Capacity and Redox-Weighted Oxidant Capacity in Their Association with Increasing Levels of COVID-19 Infection |
| title_fullStr | Comparisons of Combined Oxidant Capacity and Redox-Weighted Oxidant Capacity in Their Association with Increasing Levels of COVID-19 Infection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparisons of Combined Oxidant Capacity and Redox-Weighted Oxidant Capacity in Their Association with Increasing Levels of COVID-19 Infection |
| title_short | Comparisons of Combined Oxidant Capacity and Redox-Weighted Oxidant Capacity in Their Association with Increasing Levels of COVID-19 Infection |
| title_sort | comparisons of combined oxidant capacity and redox weighted oxidant capacity in their association with increasing levels of covid 19 infection |
| topic | oxidants COVID-19 air pollution GAM ozone nitrogen dioxide |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/4/569 |
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