Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprints and Mini DNA Markers for the Authentication of Cinnamon Species Ingredients Used in Food and Natural Health Products
<i>Cinnamomum verum</i> (syn <i>C. zeylanicum</i>) is considered ‘true’ cinnamon. However, it is reported that less expensive sources of cinnamon from <i>C. cassia</i> (syn <i>C. aromaticum</i>), <i>C. loureiroi</i>, and <i>C. burmann...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/6/841 |
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| author | Subramanyam Ragupathy Arunachalam Thirugnanasambandam Varathan Vinayagam Steven G. Newmaster |
| author_facet | Subramanyam Ragupathy Arunachalam Thirugnanasambandam Varathan Vinayagam Steven G. Newmaster |
| author_sort | Subramanyam Ragupathy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Cinnamomum verum</i> (syn <i>C. zeylanicum</i>) is considered ‘true’ cinnamon. However, it is reported that less expensive sources of cinnamon from <i>C. cassia</i> (syn <i>C. aromaticum</i>), <i>C. loureiroi</i>, and <i>C. burmannii</i> (toxic coumarin) may be used in the place of <i>C. verum</i>. We lack the quality assurance tools that are required to differentiate <i>C. verum</i> from other cinnamon species when verifying that the correct species is sourced from ingredient suppliers. The current research on cinnamon species authentication using DNA tools is limited to a few species and the use of high-quality DNA extracted from raw leaf materials. The cinnamon bark traded in the supply chain contains much less DNA and poorer-quality DNA than leaves. Our research advances DNA methods to authenticate cinnamon, as we utilized full-length chloroplast genomes via a genome skimming approach for <i>C. burmannii</i> and <i>C. cassia</i> to facilitate the design of optimal mini DNA markers. Furthermore, we developed and validated the use of NMR fingerprints for several commercial cinnamon species, including the quantification of 16 molecules. NMR fingerprints provided additional data that were useful for quality assessment in cinnamon extract powders and product consistency. Both the new mini DNA markers and NMR fingerprints were tested on commercial cinnamon products. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:54:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c904fd4313584473a0032f1acbf45701 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:54:08Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-c904fd4313584473a0032f1acbf457012024-03-27T14:00:49ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-03-0113684110.3390/plants13060841Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprints and Mini DNA Markers for the Authentication of Cinnamon Species Ingredients Used in Food and Natural Health ProductsSubramanyam Ragupathy0Arunachalam Thirugnanasambandam1Varathan Vinayagam2Steven G. Newmaster3Natural Health Products (NHP) Research Alliance, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaNatural Health Products (NHP) Research Alliance, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaNatural Health Products (NHP) Research Alliance, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaNatural Health Products (NHP) Research Alliance, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada<i>Cinnamomum verum</i> (syn <i>C. zeylanicum</i>) is considered ‘true’ cinnamon. However, it is reported that less expensive sources of cinnamon from <i>C. cassia</i> (syn <i>C. aromaticum</i>), <i>C. loureiroi</i>, and <i>C. burmannii</i> (toxic coumarin) may be used in the place of <i>C. verum</i>. We lack the quality assurance tools that are required to differentiate <i>C. verum</i> from other cinnamon species when verifying that the correct species is sourced from ingredient suppliers. The current research on cinnamon species authentication using DNA tools is limited to a few species and the use of high-quality DNA extracted from raw leaf materials. The cinnamon bark traded in the supply chain contains much less DNA and poorer-quality DNA than leaves. Our research advances DNA methods to authenticate cinnamon, as we utilized full-length chloroplast genomes via a genome skimming approach for <i>C. burmannii</i> and <i>C. cassia</i> to facilitate the design of optimal mini DNA markers. Furthermore, we developed and validated the use of NMR fingerprints for several commercial cinnamon species, including the quantification of 16 molecules. NMR fingerprints provided additional data that were useful for quality assessment in cinnamon extract powders and product consistency. Both the new mini DNA markers and NMR fingerprints were tested on commercial cinnamon products.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/6/841cinnamongenome skimmingNMR fingerprintingherbsspicesauthentication |
| spellingShingle | Subramanyam Ragupathy Arunachalam Thirugnanasambandam Varathan Vinayagam Steven G. Newmaster Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprints and Mini DNA Markers for the Authentication of Cinnamon Species Ingredients Used in Food and Natural Health Products Plants cinnamon genome skimming NMR fingerprinting herbs spices authentication |
| title | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprints and Mini DNA Markers for the Authentication of Cinnamon Species Ingredients Used in Food and Natural Health Products |
| title_full | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprints and Mini DNA Markers for the Authentication of Cinnamon Species Ingredients Used in Food and Natural Health Products |
| title_fullStr | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprints and Mini DNA Markers for the Authentication of Cinnamon Species Ingredients Used in Food and Natural Health Products |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprints and Mini DNA Markers for the Authentication of Cinnamon Species Ingredients Used in Food and Natural Health Products |
| title_short | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprints and Mini DNA Markers for the Authentication of Cinnamon Species Ingredients Used in Food and Natural Health Products |
| title_sort | nuclear magnetic resonance fingerprints and mini dna markers for the authentication of cinnamon species ingredients used in food and natural health products |
| topic | cinnamon genome skimming NMR fingerprinting herbs spices authentication |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/6/841 |
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