Assessment of Genotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mosquito as Test Model
The widespread applications of ZnO NPs in the different areas of science, technology, medicine, agriculture, and commercial products have led to increased chances of their release into the environment. This created a growing public concern about the toxicological and environmental effects of the nan...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/11/887 |
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| author | Kanwaljit Kaur Ahluwalia Kritika Thakur Amrik Singh Ahluwalia Abeer Hashem Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah Neelam Thakur |
| author_facet | Kanwaljit Kaur Ahluwalia Kritika Thakur Amrik Singh Ahluwalia Abeer Hashem Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah Neelam Thakur |
| author_sort | Kanwaljit Kaur Ahluwalia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The widespread applications of ZnO NPs in the different areas of science, technology, medicine, agriculture, and commercial products have led to increased chances of their release into the environment. This created a growing public concern about the toxicological and environmental effects of the nanoparticles. The impact of these NPs on the genetic materials of living organisms is documented in some cultured cells and plants, but there are only a few studies regarding this aspect in animals. In view of this, the present work regarding the assessment of the genotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the mosquito <i>Culex quinquefaciatus</i> has been taken up. Statistically significant chromosomal aberrations over the control are recorded after the exposure of the fourth instar larvae to a dose of less than LD<sub>20</sub> for 24 h. In order to select this dose, LD<sub>20</sub> of ZnO NPs for the mosquito is determined by Probit analysis. Lacto-aceto-orcein stained chromosomal preparations are made from gonads of adult treated and control mosquitoes. Both structural aberrations, such as chromosomal breaks, fragments, translocations, and terminal fusions, resulting in the formation of rings and clumped chromosomes, and numerical ones, including hypo- and hyper-aneuploidy at metaphases, bridges, and laggards at the anaphase stage are observed. The percentage frequency of abnormalities in the shape of sperm heads is also found to be statistically significant over the controls. Besides this, zinc oxide nanoparticles are also found to affect the reproductive potential and embryo development as egg rafts obtained from the genetic crosses of ZnO nanoparticle-treated virgin females and normal males are small in size with a far smaller number of eggs per raft. The percentage frequencies of dominant lethal mutations indicated by the frequency of unhatched eggs are also statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) over the control. The induction of abnormalities in all of the three short-term assays studied during the present piece of work indicates the genotoxic potential of ZnO NPs, which cannot be labeled absolutely safe, and this study pinpoints the need to develop strategies for the protection of the environment and living organisms thriving in it. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:24:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c92f2c5939f84e7684bc785442bd4289 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:24:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-c92f2c5939f84e7684bc785442bd42892023-11-24T15:09:14ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-10-01111188710.3390/toxics11110887Assessment of Genotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mosquito as Test ModelKanwaljit Kaur Ahluwalia0Kritika Thakur1Amrik Singh Ahluwalia2Abeer Hashem3Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada4Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah5Neelam Thakur6Department of Zoology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh 173101, IndiaDepartment of Zoology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh 173101, IndiaDepartment of Botany, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh 173101, IndiaBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaFacultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31350, MéxicoPlant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Zoology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh 173101, IndiaThe widespread applications of ZnO NPs in the different areas of science, technology, medicine, agriculture, and commercial products have led to increased chances of their release into the environment. This created a growing public concern about the toxicological and environmental effects of the nanoparticles. The impact of these NPs on the genetic materials of living organisms is documented in some cultured cells and plants, but there are only a few studies regarding this aspect in animals. In view of this, the present work regarding the assessment of the genotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the mosquito <i>Culex quinquefaciatus</i> has been taken up. Statistically significant chromosomal aberrations over the control are recorded after the exposure of the fourth instar larvae to a dose of less than LD<sub>20</sub> for 24 h. In order to select this dose, LD<sub>20</sub> of ZnO NPs for the mosquito is determined by Probit analysis. Lacto-aceto-orcein stained chromosomal preparations are made from gonads of adult treated and control mosquitoes. Both structural aberrations, such as chromosomal breaks, fragments, translocations, and terminal fusions, resulting in the formation of rings and clumped chromosomes, and numerical ones, including hypo- and hyper-aneuploidy at metaphases, bridges, and laggards at the anaphase stage are observed. The percentage frequency of abnormalities in the shape of sperm heads is also found to be statistically significant over the controls. Besides this, zinc oxide nanoparticles are also found to affect the reproductive potential and embryo development as egg rafts obtained from the genetic crosses of ZnO nanoparticle-treated virgin females and normal males are small in size with a far smaller number of eggs per raft. The percentage frequencies of dominant lethal mutations indicated by the frequency of unhatched eggs are also statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) over the control. The induction of abnormalities in all of the three short-term assays studied during the present piece of work indicates the genotoxic potential of ZnO NPs, which cannot be labeled absolutely safe, and this study pinpoints the need to develop strategies for the protection of the environment and living organisms thriving in it.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/11/887chromosomal aberration<i>Culex</i>genotoxicitymosquitonanoparticles |
| spellingShingle | Kanwaljit Kaur Ahluwalia Kritika Thakur Amrik Singh Ahluwalia Abeer Hashem Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah Neelam Thakur Assessment of Genotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mosquito as Test Model Toxics chromosomal aberration <i>Culex</i> genotoxicity mosquito nanoparticles |
| title | Assessment of Genotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mosquito as Test Model |
| title_full | Assessment of Genotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mosquito as Test Model |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Genotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mosquito as Test Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Genotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mosquito as Test Model |
| title_short | Assessment of Genotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mosquito as Test Model |
| title_sort | assessment of genotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles using mosquito as test model |
| topic | chromosomal aberration <i>Culex</i> genotoxicity mosquito nanoparticles |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/11/887 |
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