Citrus Stubborn Disease: Current Insights on an Enigmatic Problem Prevailing in Citrus Orchards
Citrus stubborn was initially observed in California in 1915 and was later proven as a graft-transmissible disease in 1942. In the field, diseased citrus trees have compressed and stunted appearances, and yield poor-quality fruits with little market value. The disease is caused by <i>Spiroplas...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/1/183 |
| _version_ | 1797491712639107072 |
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| author | Tourya Sagouti Zineb Belabess Naima Rhallabi Essaid Ait Barka Abdessalem Tahiri Rachid Lahlali |
| author_facet | Tourya Sagouti Zineb Belabess Naima Rhallabi Essaid Ait Barka Abdessalem Tahiri Rachid Lahlali |
| author_sort | Tourya Sagouti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Citrus stubborn was initially observed in California in 1915 and was later proven as a graft-transmissible disease in 1942. In the field, diseased citrus trees have compressed and stunted appearances, and yield poor-quality fruits with little market value. The disease is caused by <i>Spiroplasma citri</i>, a phloem-restricted pathogenic mollicute, which belongs to the <i>Spiroplasmataceae</i> family (Mollicutes). <i>S. citri</i> has the largest genome of any Mollicutes investigated, with a genome size of roughly 1780 Kbp. It is a helical, motile mollicute that lacks a cell wall and peptidoglycan. Several quick and sensitive molecular-based and immuno-enzymatic pathogen detection technologies are available. Infected weeds are the primary source of transmission to citrus, with only a minor percentage of transmission from infected citrus to citrus. Several phloem-feeding leafhopper species (<i>Cicadellidae</i>, <i>Hemiptera</i>) support the natural spread of <i>S. citri</i> in a persistent, propagative manner. <i>S. citri</i>-free buds are used in new orchard plantings and bud certification, and indexing initiatives have been launched. Further, a quarantine system for newly introduced types has been implemented to limit citrus stubborn disease (CSD). The present state of knowledge about CSD around the world is summarized in this overview, where recent advances in <i>S. citri</i> detection, characterization, control and eradication were highlighted to prevent or limit disease spread through the adoption of best practices. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:53:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c934dcceebaf4c8ab6ef9cb450609814 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:53:16Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-c934dcceebaf4c8ab6ef9cb4506098142023-11-23T14:48:35ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072022-01-0110118310.3390/microorganisms10010183Citrus Stubborn Disease: Current Insights on an Enigmatic Problem Prevailing in Citrus OrchardsTourya Sagouti0Zineb Belabess1Naima Rhallabi2Essaid Ait Barka3Abdessalem Tahiri4Rachid Lahlali5Laboratoire de Virologie, Microbiologie et Qualité/Ecotoxicologie et Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Mohammedia 20650, MoroccoPlant Protection Laboratory, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Oujda, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Mohamed VI, BP428 Oujda, Oujda 60000, MoroccoLaboratoire de Virologie, Microbiologie et Qualité/Ecotoxicologie et Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Mohammedia 20650, MoroccoUnité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bio-Protection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, FrancePhytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Meknes 50001, MoroccoPhytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Meknes 50001, MoroccoCitrus stubborn was initially observed in California in 1915 and was later proven as a graft-transmissible disease in 1942. In the field, diseased citrus trees have compressed and stunted appearances, and yield poor-quality fruits with little market value. The disease is caused by <i>Spiroplasma citri</i>, a phloem-restricted pathogenic mollicute, which belongs to the <i>Spiroplasmataceae</i> family (Mollicutes). <i>S. citri</i> has the largest genome of any Mollicutes investigated, with a genome size of roughly 1780 Kbp. It is a helical, motile mollicute that lacks a cell wall and peptidoglycan. Several quick and sensitive molecular-based and immuno-enzymatic pathogen detection technologies are available. Infected weeds are the primary source of transmission to citrus, with only a minor percentage of transmission from infected citrus to citrus. Several phloem-feeding leafhopper species (<i>Cicadellidae</i>, <i>Hemiptera</i>) support the natural spread of <i>S. citri</i> in a persistent, propagative manner. <i>S. citri</i>-free buds are used in new orchard plantings and bud certification, and indexing initiatives have been launched. Further, a quarantine system for newly introduced types has been implemented to limit citrus stubborn disease (CSD). The present state of knowledge about CSD around the world is summarized in this overview, where recent advances in <i>S. citri</i> detection, characterization, control and eradication were highlighted to prevent or limit disease spread through the adoption of best practices.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/1/183<i>Spiroplasma citri</i>citrusmollicutestransmissiondiagnosticleafhoppers |
| spellingShingle | Tourya Sagouti Zineb Belabess Naima Rhallabi Essaid Ait Barka Abdessalem Tahiri Rachid Lahlali Citrus Stubborn Disease: Current Insights on an Enigmatic Problem Prevailing in Citrus Orchards Microorganisms <i>Spiroplasma citri</i> citrus mollicutes transmission diagnostic leafhoppers |
| title | Citrus Stubborn Disease: Current Insights on an Enigmatic Problem Prevailing in Citrus Orchards |
| title_full | Citrus Stubborn Disease: Current Insights on an Enigmatic Problem Prevailing in Citrus Orchards |
| title_fullStr | Citrus Stubborn Disease: Current Insights on an Enigmatic Problem Prevailing in Citrus Orchards |
| title_full_unstemmed | Citrus Stubborn Disease: Current Insights on an Enigmatic Problem Prevailing in Citrus Orchards |
| title_short | Citrus Stubborn Disease: Current Insights on an Enigmatic Problem Prevailing in Citrus Orchards |
| title_sort | citrus stubborn disease current insights on an enigmatic problem prevailing in citrus orchards |
| topic | <i>Spiroplasma citri</i> citrus mollicutes transmission diagnostic leafhoppers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/1/183 |
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