Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical Cancer
Photodynamic therapy is an alternative approach to treating tumors that utilizes photochemical reactions between a photosensitizer and laser irradiation for the generation of reactive oxygen species. Currently, natural photosensitive compounds are being promised to replace synthetic photosensitizers...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/14/11565 |
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| author | Seong-Yeong Heo Yeachan Lee Tae-Hee Kim Soo-Jin Heo Hwarang Shin Jiho Lee Myunggi Yi Hyun Wook Kang Won-Kyo Jung |
| author_facet | Seong-Yeong Heo Yeachan Lee Tae-Hee Kim Soo-Jin Heo Hwarang Shin Jiho Lee Myunggi Yi Hyun Wook Kang Won-Kyo Jung |
| author_sort | Seong-Yeong Heo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Photodynamic therapy is an alternative approach to treating tumors that utilizes photochemical reactions between a photosensitizer and laser irradiation for the generation of reactive oxygen species. Currently, natural photosensitive compounds are being promised to replace synthetic photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy because of their low toxicity, lesser side effects, and high solubility in water. Therefore, the present study investigated the anti-cancer efficacy of chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy on human cervical cancer by inducing apoptotic response through oxidative stress. The chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy significantly induced cytotoxicity, and the optimal conditions were determined based on the results, including laser irradiation time, laser power density, and chlorophyllin concentration. In addition, reactive oxygen species generation and Annexin V expression level were detected on the photodynamic reaction-treated HeLa cells under the optimized conditions to evaluate apoptosis using a fluorescence microscope. In the Western blotting analysis, the photodynamic therapy group showed the increased protein expression level of the cleaved caspase 8, caspase 9, Bax, and cytochrome C, and the suppressed protein expression level of Bcl-2, pro-caspase 8, and pro-caspase 9. Moreover, the proposed photodynamic therapy downregulated the phosphorylation of AKT1 in the HeLa cells. Therefore, our results suggest that the chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy has potential as an antitumor therapy for cervical cancer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:01:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c9610af6288a4352987c7959cb5a5bc6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:01:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-c9610af6288a4352987c7959cb5a5bc62023-11-18T19:41:29ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-07-0124141156510.3390/ijms241411565Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical CancerSeong-Yeong Heo0Yeachan Lee1Tae-Hee Kim2Soo-Jin Heo3Hwarang Shin4Jiho Lee5Myunggi Yi6Hyun Wook Kang7Won-Kyo Jung8Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of KoreaMarine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaMarine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaJeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of KoreaMarine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaMarine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaResearch Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaMarine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaMarine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaPhotodynamic therapy is an alternative approach to treating tumors that utilizes photochemical reactions between a photosensitizer and laser irradiation for the generation of reactive oxygen species. Currently, natural photosensitive compounds are being promised to replace synthetic photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy because of their low toxicity, lesser side effects, and high solubility in water. Therefore, the present study investigated the anti-cancer efficacy of chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy on human cervical cancer by inducing apoptotic response through oxidative stress. The chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy significantly induced cytotoxicity, and the optimal conditions were determined based on the results, including laser irradiation time, laser power density, and chlorophyllin concentration. In addition, reactive oxygen species generation and Annexin V expression level were detected on the photodynamic reaction-treated HeLa cells under the optimized conditions to evaluate apoptosis using a fluorescence microscope. In the Western blotting analysis, the photodynamic therapy group showed the increased protein expression level of the cleaved caspase 8, caspase 9, Bax, and cytochrome C, and the suppressed protein expression level of Bcl-2, pro-caspase 8, and pro-caspase 9. Moreover, the proposed photodynamic therapy downregulated the phosphorylation of AKT1 in the HeLa cells. Therefore, our results suggest that the chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy has potential as an antitumor therapy for cervical cancer.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/14/11565chlorophyllinphotodynamic therapyreactive oxygen speciesapoptosis |
| spellingShingle | Seong-Yeong Heo Yeachan Lee Tae-Hee Kim Soo-Jin Heo Hwarang Shin Jiho Lee Myunggi Yi Hyun Wook Kang Won-Kyo Jung Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical Cancer International Journal of Molecular Sciences chlorophyllin photodynamic therapy reactive oxygen species apoptosis |
| title | Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical Cancer |
| title_full | Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical Cancer |
| title_fullStr | Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical Cancer |
| title_short | Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical Cancer |
| title_sort | anti cancer effect of chlorophyllin assisted photodynamic therapy to induce apoptosis through oxidative stress on human cervical cancer |
| topic | chlorophyllin photodynamic therapy reactive oxygen species apoptosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/14/11565 |
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