A Study of Pigment, Adhesive, and Firing Temperature in Pottery Figurines Excavated from the Tomb of Qibi Ming, China
Some painted pottery figurines were excavated from the tomb of Qibi Ming of the Tang Dynasty. A series of analytical techniques were employed to understand the craftsmanship of these painted pottery figurines. The pigment, cross-section, adhesive, and firing temperature were analyzed using microscop...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/23/7739 |
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| author | Yanli Li Haiqiang Guo Ke Xiao Panpan Liu Xiaolian Chao Peng Fu Huiping Xing Yuhu Li |
| author_facet | Yanli Li Haiqiang Guo Ke Xiao Panpan Liu Xiaolian Chao Peng Fu Huiping Xing Yuhu Li |
| author_sort | Yanli Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Some painted pottery figurines were excavated from the tomb of Qibi Ming of the Tang Dynasty. A series of analytical techniques were employed to understand the craftsmanship of these painted pottery figurines. The pigment, cross-section, adhesive, and firing temperature were analyzed using microscopy (OM), energy X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and a dilatometer (DIL). The results demonstrated that the surface of the pigment layers had degraded to different degrees. The pigment particles were litharge, gypsum, malachite, cinnabar, hematite, minium, white lead, and carbon black. The cross-sectional images show that the painted layer of figurines 10-0966 and 10-0678 included a pigment layer and a preparation layer. The preparation layer of both pigments was lead white. Animal glue was used as an adhesive. The firing temperature of the pottery figurines was likely 1080 °C. This study can provide more accurate information with regard to the composition of the raw materials utilized in the making of these artifacts and support the selection of appropriate substances for the purposes of conservation and restoration of the painted pottery figurines. |
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| id | doaj.art-c96c421a035d4207a19bb6d435d07f7a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:46:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-c96c421a035d4207a19bb6d435d07f7a2023-12-08T15:22:11ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-11-012823773910.3390/molecules28237739A Study of Pigment, Adhesive, and Firing Temperature in Pottery Figurines Excavated from the Tomb of Qibi Ming, ChinaYanli Li0Haiqiang Guo1Ke Xiao2Panpan Liu3Xiaolian Chao4Peng Fu5Huiping Xing6Yuhu Li7Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaXianyang Museum, Xianyang 712039, ChinaXianyang Museum, Xianyang 712039, ChinaEngineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaEngineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaShaanxi Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Xi’an 710075, ChinaEngineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaEngineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, ChinaSome painted pottery figurines were excavated from the tomb of Qibi Ming of the Tang Dynasty. A series of analytical techniques were employed to understand the craftsmanship of these painted pottery figurines. The pigment, cross-section, adhesive, and firing temperature were analyzed using microscopy (OM), energy X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and a dilatometer (DIL). The results demonstrated that the surface of the pigment layers had degraded to different degrees. The pigment particles were litharge, gypsum, malachite, cinnabar, hematite, minium, white lead, and carbon black. The cross-sectional images show that the painted layer of figurines 10-0966 and 10-0678 included a pigment layer and a preparation layer. The preparation layer of both pigments was lead white. Animal glue was used as an adhesive. The firing temperature of the pottery figurines was likely 1080 °C. This study can provide more accurate information with regard to the composition of the raw materials utilized in the making of these artifacts and support the selection of appropriate substances for the purposes of conservation and restoration of the painted pottery figurines.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/23/7739painted pottery figurinespigmentadhesivesmicro-Raman spectroscopyPy-GC/MSDIL |
| spellingShingle | Yanli Li Haiqiang Guo Ke Xiao Panpan Liu Xiaolian Chao Peng Fu Huiping Xing Yuhu Li A Study of Pigment, Adhesive, and Firing Temperature in Pottery Figurines Excavated from the Tomb of Qibi Ming, China Molecules painted pottery figurines pigment adhesives micro-Raman spectroscopy Py-GC/MS DIL |
| title | A Study of Pigment, Adhesive, and Firing Temperature in Pottery Figurines Excavated from the Tomb of Qibi Ming, China |
| title_full | A Study of Pigment, Adhesive, and Firing Temperature in Pottery Figurines Excavated from the Tomb of Qibi Ming, China |
| title_fullStr | A Study of Pigment, Adhesive, and Firing Temperature in Pottery Figurines Excavated from the Tomb of Qibi Ming, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Study of Pigment, Adhesive, and Firing Temperature in Pottery Figurines Excavated from the Tomb of Qibi Ming, China |
| title_short | A Study of Pigment, Adhesive, and Firing Temperature in Pottery Figurines Excavated from the Tomb of Qibi Ming, China |
| title_sort | study of pigment adhesive and firing temperature in pottery figurines excavated from the tomb of qibi ming china |
| topic | painted pottery figurines pigment adhesives micro-Raman spectroscopy Py-GC/MS DIL |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/23/7739 |
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