Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Prokaryotic Immunity
Adaptive immunity systems found in different organisms fall into two major types. Prokaryotes possess CRISPR-Cas systems that recognize former invaders using memorized (captured) pieces of their DNA as pathogen signatures. Mammals possess a vast repertoire of antibodies and T-cell receptor variants...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6/5614 |
| _version_ | 1797611268423548928 |
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| author | Ilya S. Belalov Arseniy A. Sokolov Andrey V. Letarov |
| author_facet | Ilya S. Belalov Arseniy A. Sokolov Andrey V. Letarov |
| author_sort | Ilya S. Belalov |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Adaptive immunity systems found in different organisms fall into two major types. Prokaryotes possess CRISPR-Cas systems that recognize former invaders using memorized (captured) pieces of their DNA as pathogen signatures. Mammals possess a vast repertoire of antibodies and T-cell receptor variants generated in advance. In this second type of adaptive immunity, a pathogen presentation to the immune system specifically activates the cells that express matching antibodies or receptors. These cells proliferate to fight the infection and form the immune memory. The principle of preemptive production of diverse defense proteins for future use can hypothetically take place in microbes too. We propose a hypothesis that prokaryotes employ diversity-generating retroelements to prepare defense proteins against yet-unknown invaders. In this study, we test this hypothesis with the methods of bioinformatics and identify several candidate defense systems based on diversity-generating retroelements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:26:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c990be7d62ad4bb8b6413da9d956a505 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:26:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-c990be7d62ad4bb8b6413da9d956a5052023-11-17T11:36:31ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-03-01246561410.3390/ijms24065614Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Prokaryotic ImmunityIlya S. Belalov0Arseniy A. Sokolov1Andrey V. Letarov2Laboratory of Microbial Viruses, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RC Biotechnology RAS, 117312 Moscow, RussiaLaboratory of Microbial Viruses, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RC Biotechnology RAS, 117312 Moscow, RussiaLaboratory of Microbial Viruses, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RC Biotechnology RAS, 117312 Moscow, RussiaAdaptive immunity systems found in different organisms fall into two major types. Prokaryotes possess CRISPR-Cas systems that recognize former invaders using memorized (captured) pieces of their DNA as pathogen signatures. Mammals possess a vast repertoire of antibodies and T-cell receptor variants generated in advance. In this second type of adaptive immunity, a pathogen presentation to the immune system specifically activates the cells that express matching antibodies or receptors. These cells proliferate to fight the infection and form the immune memory. The principle of preemptive production of diverse defense proteins for future use can hypothetically take place in microbes too. We propose a hypothesis that prokaryotes employ diversity-generating retroelements to prepare defense proteins against yet-unknown invaders. In this study, we test this hypothesis with the methods of bioinformatics and identify several candidate defense systems based on diversity-generating retroelements.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6/5614diversity-generating retroelementsadaptive immunityprokaryotic immunitysomatic hypermutationmetagenomics |
| spellingShingle | Ilya S. Belalov Arseniy A. Sokolov Andrey V. Letarov Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Prokaryotic Immunity International Journal of Molecular Sciences diversity-generating retroelements adaptive immunity prokaryotic immunity somatic hypermutation metagenomics |
| title | Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Prokaryotic Immunity |
| title_full | Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Prokaryotic Immunity |
| title_fullStr | Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Prokaryotic Immunity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Prokaryotic Immunity |
| title_short | Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Prokaryotic Immunity |
| title_sort | diversity generating retroelements in prokaryotic immunity |
| topic | diversity-generating retroelements adaptive immunity prokaryotic immunity somatic hypermutation metagenomics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6/5614 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ilyasbelalov diversitygeneratingretroelementsinprokaryoticimmunity AT arseniyasokolov diversitygeneratingretroelementsinprokaryoticimmunity AT andreyvletarov diversitygeneratingretroelementsinprokaryoticimmunity |