Effect of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on Biomolecules’ Accumulation in Caraway (<i>Carum carvi</i> L.) Plants at Different Developmental Stages
Caraway plants have been known as a rich source of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, monoterpenoid glucosides and alkaloids. In this regard, the application of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (eCO<sub>2</sub>) as a bio-enhancer for increasing plant growth and phytochemical content...
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| author | Hamada AbdElgawad Mohammad K. Okla Saud S. Al-amri Abdulrahman AL-Hashimi Wahida H. AL-Qahtani Salem Mesfir Al-Qahtani Zahid Khorshid Abbas Nadi Awad Al-Harbi Ayman Abd Algafar Mohammed S. Almuhayawi Samy Selim Mohamed Abdel-Mawgoud |
| author_facet | Hamada AbdElgawad Mohammad K. Okla Saud S. Al-amri Abdulrahman AL-Hashimi Wahida H. AL-Qahtani Salem Mesfir Al-Qahtani Zahid Khorshid Abbas Nadi Awad Al-Harbi Ayman Abd Algafar Mohammed S. Almuhayawi Samy Selim Mohamed Abdel-Mawgoud |
| author_sort | Hamada AbdElgawad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Caraway plants have been known as a rich source of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, monoterpenoid glucosides and alkaloids. In this regard, the application of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (eCO<sub>2</sub>) as a bio-enhancer for increasing plant growth and phytochemical content has been the focus of many studies; however, the interaction between eCO<sub>2</sub> and plants at different developmental stages has not been extensively explored. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating the changes in growth, photosynthesis and phytochemicals of caraway plants at two developmental stages (sprouts and mature tissues) under control and increased CO<sub>2</sub> conditions (ambient CO<sub>2</sub> (a CO<sub>2</sub>, 400 ± 27 μmol CO<sub>2</sub> mol<sup>−1</sup> air) and eCO<sub>2</sub>, 620 ± 42 μmol CO<sub>2</sub> mol<sup>−1</sup> air ppm). Moreover, we evaluated the impact of eCO<sub>2</sub>-induced changes in plant metabolites on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of caraway sprouts and mature plants. CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment increased photosynthesis and biomass accumulation of both caraway stages. Regarding their phytochemical contents, caraway plants interacted differently with eCO<sub>2</sub>, depending on their developmental stages. High levels of CO<sub>2</sub> enhanced the production of total nutrients, i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, fats and crude fibers, as well as organic and amino acids, in an equal pattern in both caraway sprouts and mature plants. Interestingly, the eCO<sub>2</sub>-induced effect on minerals, vitamins and phenolics was more pronounced in caraway sprouts than the mature tissues. Furthermore, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of caraway plants were enhanced under eCO<sub>2</sub> treatment, particularly at the mature stage. Overall, eCO<sub>2</sub> provoked changes in the phytochemical contents of caraway plants, particularly at the sprouting stage and, hence, improved their nutritive and health-promoting properties. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:07:57Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:07:57Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-c9a3a1a0dfaf4233a35512df3fe6d4442023-11-23T01:05:40ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472021-11-011011243410.3390/plants10112434Effect of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on Biomolecules’ Accumulation in Caraway (<i>Carum carvi</i> L.) Plants at Different Developmental StagesHamada AbdElgawad0Mohammad K. Okla1Saud S. Al-amri2Abdulrahman AL-Hashimi3Wahida H. AL-Qahtani4Salem Mesfir Al-Qahtani5Zahid Khorshid Abbas6Nadi Awad Al-Harbi7Ayman Abd Algafar8Mohammed S. Almuhayawi9Samy Selim10Mohamed Abdel-Mawgoud11Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, EgyptBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Food Sciences & Nutrition, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaBiology Department, University College of Taymma, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaBiology Department, University College of Taymma, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaBiology Department, University College of Taymma, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Desert Research Centre, Cairo 11753, EgyptCaraway plants have been known as a rich source of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, monoterpenoid glucosides and alkaloids. In this regard, the application of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (eCO<sub>2</sub>) as a bio-enhancer for increasing plant growth and phytochemical content has been the focus of many studies; however, the interaction between eCO<sub>2</sub> and plants at different developmental stages has not been extensively explored. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating the changes in growth, photosynthesis and phytochemicals of caraway plants at two developmental stages (sprouts and mature tissues) under control and increased CO<sub>2</sub> conditions (ambient CO<sub>2</sub> (a CO<sub>2</sub>, 400 ± 27 μmol CO<sub>2</sub> mol<sup>−1</sup> air) and eCO<sub>2</sub>, 620 ± 42 μmol CO<sub>2</sub> mol<sup>−1</sup> air ppm). Moreover, we evaluated the impact of eCO<sub>2</sub>-induced changes in plant metabolites on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of caraway sprouts and mature plants. CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment increased photosynthesis and biomass accumulation of both caraway stages. Regarding their phytochemical contents, caraway plants interacted differently with eCO<sub>2</sub>, depending on their developmental stages. High levels of CO<sub>2</sub> enhanced the production of total nutrients, i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, fats and crude fibers, as well as organic and amino acids, in an equal pattern in both caraway sprouts and mature plants. Interestingly, the eCO<sub>2</sub>-induced effect on minerals, vitamins and phenolics was more pronounced in caraway sprouts than the mature tissues. Furthermore, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of caraway plants were enhanced under eCO<sub>2</sub> treatment, particularly at the mature stage. Overall, eCO<sub>2</sub> provoked changes in the phytochemical contents of caraway plants, particularly at the sprouting stage and, hence, improved their nutritive and health-promoting properties.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2434high CO<sub>2</sub>caraway plantssproutingmature plantsnutritious metabolitesantioxidant |
| spellingShingle | Hamada AbdElgawad Mohammad K. Okla Saud S. Al-amri Abdulrahman AL-Hashimi Wahida H. AL-Qahtani Salem Mesfir Al-Qahtani Zahid Khorshid Abbas Nadi Awad Al-Harbi Ayman Abd Algafar Mohammed S. Almuhayawi Samy Selim Mohamed Abdel-Mawgoud Effect of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on Biomolecules’ Accumulation in Caraway (<i>Carum carvi</i> L.) Plants at Different Developmental Stages Plants high CO<sub>2</sub> caraway plants sprouting mature plants nutritious metabolites antioxidant |
| title | Effect of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on Biomolecules’ Accumulation in Caraway (<i>Carum carvi</i> L.) Plants at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_full | Effect of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on Biomolecules’ Accumulation in Caraway (<i>Carum carvi</i> L.) Plants at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on Biomolecules’ Accumulation in Caraway (<i>Carum carvi</i> L.) Plants at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on Biomolecules’ Accumulation in Caraway (<i>Carum carvi</i> L.) Plants at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_short | Effect of Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on Biomolecules’ Accumulation in Caraway (<i>Carum carvi</i> L.) Plants at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_sort | effect of elevated co sub 2 sub on biomolecules accumulation in caraway i carum carvi i l plants at different developmental stages |
| topic | high CO<sub>2</sub> caraway plants sprouting mature plants nutritious metabolites antioxidant |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2434 |
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