Investigation of Calcium and Magnesium Removal by Donnan Dialysis According to the Doehlert Design for Softening Different Water Types
In this study, calcium and magnesium were removed from Tunisian dam, lake, and tap water using Donnan Dialysis (DD) according to the Doehlert design. Three cation-exchange membranes (CMV, CMX, and CMS) were used in a preliminary investigation to establish the upper and lower bounds of each parameter...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Membranes |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/13/2/203 |
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| author | Ikhlass Marzouk-Trifi Lassaad Baklouti Lasâad Dammak |
| author_facet | Ikhlass Marzouk-Trifi Lassaad Baklouti Lasâad Dammak |
| author_sort | Ikhlass Marzouk-Trifi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, calcium and magnesium were removed from Tunisian dam, lake, and tap water using Donnan Dialysis (DD) according to the Doehlert design. Three cation-exchange membranes (CMV, CMX, and CMS) were used in a preliminary investigation to establish the upper and lower bounds of each parameter and to more precisely pinpoint the optimal value. The concentration of compensating sodium ions [Na<sup>+</sup>] in the receiver compartment, the concentration of calcium [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] and magnesium [Mg<sup>2+</sup>] in the feed compartment, and the membrane nature were the experimental parameters. The findings indicate that the CMV membrane offers the highest elimination rate of calcium and magnesium. The Full Factorial Design makes it possible to determine how the experimental factors affect the removal of calcium and magnesium by DD. All parameters used had a favorable impact on the response; however, the calcium and magnesium concentration were the most significant ones. The Doehlert design’s Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum conditions ([Mg<sup>2+</sup>] = 90 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] = 88 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, [Na<sup>+</sup>] = 0.68 mol·L<sup>−1</sup>) allowing a 90.6% hardness removal rate with the CMV membrane. Finally, we used Donnan Dialysis to remove calcium and magnesium from the three different types of natural water: Dam, Lake, and Tap water. The results indicate that, when compared to lake water and tap water, the removal of calcium and magnesium from dam water is the best. This can be linked to the water matrix’s complexity. Therefore, using Donnan Dialysis to decrease natural waters hardness was revealed to be suitable. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:26:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c9cc30c38ff74ae9a8246c5ff93f57ec |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0375 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:26:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Membranes |
| spelling | doaj.art-c9cc30c38ff74ae9a8246c5ff93f57ec2023-11-16T22:02:44ZengMDPI AGMembranes2077-03752023-02-0113220310.3390/membranes13020203Investigation of Calcium and Magnesium Removal by Donnan Dialysis According to the Doehlert Design for Softening Different Water TypesIkhlass Marzouk-Trifi0Lassaad Baklouti1Lasâad Dammak2Laboratoire de Recherche Dessalement ET Traitement Des Eaux, Faculté Des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, TunisiaDepartment of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts at ArRass, Qassim University, Arras 51921, Saudi ArabiaUniversité Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, FranceIn this study, calcium and magnesium were removed from Tunisian dam, lake, and tap water using Donnan Dialysis (DD) according to the Doehlert design. Three cation-exchange membranes (CMV, CMX, and CMS) were used in a preliminary investigation to establish the upper and lower bounds of each parameter and to more precisely pinpoint the optimal value. The concentration of compensating sodium ions [Na<sup>+</sup>] in the receiver compartment, the concentration of calcium [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] and magnesium [Mg<sup>2+</sup>] in the feed compartment, and the membrane nature were the experimental parameters. The findings indicate that the CMV membrane offers the highest elimination rate of calcium and magnesium. The Full Factorial Design makes it possible to determine how the experimental factors affect the removal of calcium and magnesium by DD. All parameters used had a favorable impact on the response; however, the calcium and magnesium concentration were the most significant ones. The Doehlert design’s Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum conditions ([Mg<sup>2+</sup>] = 90 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] = 88 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, [Na<sup>+</sup>] = 0.68 mol·L<sup>−1</sup>) allowing a 90.6% hardness removal rate with the CMV membrane. Finally, we used Donnan Dialysis to remove calcium and magnesium from the three different types of natural water: Dam, Lake, and Tap water. The results indicate that, when compared to lake water and tap water, the removal of calcium and magnesium from dam water is the best. This can be linked to the water matrix’s complexity. Therefore, using Donnan Dialysis to decrease natural waters hardness was revealed to be suitable.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/13/2/203hardnessDonnan Dialysiswater softeningresponse surface methodology |
| spellingShingle | Ikhlass Marzouk-Trifi Lassaad Baklouti Lasâad Dammak Investigation of Calcium and Magnesium Removal by Donnan Dialysis According to the Doehlert Design for Softening Different Water Types Membranes hardness Donnan Dialysis water softening response surface methodology |
| title | Investigation of Calcium and Magnesium Removal by Donnan Dialysis According to the Doehlert Design for Softening Different Water Types |
| title_full | Investigation of Calcium and Magnesium Removal by Donnan Dialysis According to the Doehlert Design for Softening Different Water Types |
| title_fullStr | Investigation of Calcium and Magnesium Removal by Donnan Dialysis According to the Doehlert Design for Softening Different Water Types |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigation of Calcium and Magnesium Removal by Donnan Dialysis According to the Doehlert Design for Softening Different Water Types |
| title_short | Investigation of Calcium and Magnesium Removal by Donnan Dialysis According to the Doehlert Design for Softening Different Water Types |
| title_sort | investigation of calcium and magnesium removal by donnan dialysis according to the doehlert design for softening different water types |
| topic | hardness Donnan Dialysis water softening response surface methodology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/13/2/203 |
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