| Summary: | Highly crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO<sub>2</sub>-NPs) are synthesized via a simple hydrothermal technique. After structural and compositional analysis, the as-synthesized unmodified TiO<sub>2</sub>-NPs are tested for improvement in two modes of kilovoltage radiation therapy and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT). Our results show that the unmodified TiO<sub>2</sub>-NPs provide an observable enhancement in CT scan image contrast ranging from 0 ± 3 HU (without NPs) to 283.7 ± 3 HU (0.23 g/mL). TiO<sub>2</sub>-NPs has excellent biocompatibility, selective uptake at target sites, and reduced toxicity. The unmodified TiO<sub>2</sub>-NPs as a contrast agent can significantly improve the existing methods of diagnosing and treating cancer.
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