Comparative Genomic Analyses of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Citrobacter werkmanii</i>, an Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen
<i>Citrobacter werkmanii</i> is an emerging and opportunistic human pathogen found in developing countries and is a causative agent of wound, urinary tract, and blood infections. The present study conducted comparative genomic analyses of a <i>C. werkmanii</i> strain collecti...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/8/2114 |
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| author | José R. Aguirre-Sánchez Beatriz Quiñones José A. Ortiz-Muñoz Rogelio Prieto-Alvarado Inés F. Vega-López Jaime Martínez-Urtaza Bertram G. Lee Cristóbal Chaidez |
| author_facet | José R. Aguirre-Sánchez Beatriz Quiñones José A. Ortiz-Muñoz Rogelio Prieto-Alvarado Inés F. Vega-López Jaime Martínez-Urtaza Bertram G. Lee Cristóbal Chaidez |
| author_sort | José R. Aguirre-Sánchez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Citrobacter werkmanii</i> is an emerging and opportunistic human pathogen found in developing countries and is a causative agent of wound, urinary tract, and blood infections. The present study conducted comparative genomic analyses of a <i>C. werkmanii</i> strain collection from diverse geographical locations and sources to identify the relevant virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Pangenome analyses divided the examined <i>C. werkmanii</i> strains into five distinct clades; the subsequent classification identified genes with functional roles in carbohydrate and general metabolism for the core genome and genes with a role in secretion, adherence, and the mobilome for the shell and cloud genomes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree with a heatmap, showing the virulence and antimicrobial genes’ presence or absence, demonstrated the presence of genes with functional roles in secretion systems, adherence, enterobactin, and siderophore among the strains belonging to the different clades. <i>C. werkmanii</i> strains in clade V, predominantly from clinical sources, harbored genes implicated in type II and type Vb secretion systems as well as multidrug resistance to aminoglycoside, beta-lactamase, fluoroquinolone, phenicol, trimethoprim, macrolides, sulfonamide, and tetracycline. In summary, these comparative genomic analyses have demonstrated highly pathogenic and multidrug-resistant genetic profiles in <i>C. werkmanii</i> strains, indicating a virulence potential for this commensal and opportunistic human pathogen. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:43:02Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:43:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-ca38d053f8cb4e91a7bc28662a6310aa2023-11-19T02:19:30ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072023-08-01118211410.3390/microorganisms11082114Comparative Genomic Analyses of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Citrobacter werkmanii</i>, an Emerging Opportunistic PathogenJosé R. Aguirre-Sánchez0Beatriz Quiñones1José A. Ortiz-Muñoz2Rogelio Prieto-Alvarado3Inés F. Vega-López4Jaime Martínez-Urtaza5Bertram G. Lee6Cristóbal Chaidez7Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Culiacan 80110, MexicoProduce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USAParque de Innovación Tecnológica de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, MexicoParque de Innovación Tecnológica de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, MexicoParque de Innovación Tecnológica de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, MexicoDepartament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autờnoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, SpainProduce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USALaboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Culiacan 80110, Mexico<i>Citrobacter werkmanii</i> is an emerging and opportunistic human pathogen found in developing countries and is a causative agent of wound, urinary tract, and blood infections. The present study conducted comparative genomic analyses of a <i>C. werkmanii</i> strain collection from diverse geographical locations and sources to identify the relevant virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Pangenome analyses divided the examined <i>C. werkmanii</i> strains into five distinct clades; the subsequent classification identified genes with functional roles in carbohydrate and general metabolism for the core genome and genes with a role in secretion, adherence, and the mobilome for the shell and cloud genomes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree with a heatmap, showing the virulence and antimicrobial genes’ presence or absence, demonstrated the presence of genes with functional roles in secretion systems, adherence, enterobactin, and siderophore among the strains belonging to the different clades. <i>C. werkmanii</i> strains in clade V, predominantly from clinical sources, harbored genes implicated in type II and type Vb secretion systems as well as multidrug resistance to aminoglycoside, beta-lactamase, fluoroquinolone, phenicol, trimethoprim, macrolides, sulfonamide, and tetracycline. In summary, these comparative genomic analyses have demonstrated highly pathogenic and multidrug-resistant genetic profiles in <i>C. werkmanii</i> strains, indicating a virulence potential for this commensal and opportunistic human pathogen.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/8/2114<i>Citrobacter</i>nosocomial infectionsvirulenceantimicrobial resistancecomparative genomicsemerging pathogens |
| spellingShingle | José R. Aguirre-Sánchez Beatriz Quiñones José A. Ortiz-Muñoz Rogelio Prieto-Alvarado Inés F. Vega-López Jaime Martínez-Urtaza Bertram G. Lee Cristóbal Chaidez Comparative Genomic Analyses of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Citrobacter werkmanii</i>, an Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen Microorganisms <i>Citrobacter</i> nosocomial infections virulence antimicrobial resistance comparative genomics emerging pathogens |
| title | Comparative Genomic Analyses of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Citrobacter werkmanii</i>, an Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen |
| title_full | Comparative Genomic Analyses of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Citrobacter werkmanii</i>, an Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Genomic Analyses of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Citrobacter werkmanii</i>, an Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Genomic Analyses of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Citrobacter werkmanii</i>, an Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen |
| title_short | Comparative Genomic Analyses of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Citrobacter werkmanii</i>, an Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen |
| title_sort | comparative genomic analyses of virulence and antimicrobial resistance in i citrobacter werkmanii i an emerging opportunistic pathogen |
| topic | <i>Citrobacter</i> nosocomial infections virulence antimicrobial resistance comparative genomics emerging pathogens |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/8/2114 |
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