Leaching via Weak Spots in Photovoltaic Modules
This study identifies unstable and soluble layers in commercial photovoltaic modules during 1.5 year long-term leaching. Our experiments cover modules from all major photovoltaic technologies containing solar cells from crystalline silicon (c-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe),...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/3/692 |
| _version_ | 1827596988218081280 |
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| author | Jessica Nover Renate Zapf-Gottwick Carolin Feifel Michael Koch Juergen Heinz Werner |
| author_facet | Jessica Nover Renate Zapf-Gottwick Carolin Feifel Michael Koch Juergen Heinz Werner |
| author_sort | Jessica Nover |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study identifies unstable and soluble layers in commercial photovoltaic modules during 1.5 year long-term leaching. Our experiments cover modules from all major photovoltaic technologies containing solar cells from crystalline silicon (c-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). These technologies cover more than 99.9% of the world market. We cut out module pieces of 5 × 5 cm<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> in size from these modules and leached them in water-based solutions with pH 4, pH 7, and pH 11, in order to simulate different environmental conditions. Unstable layers open penetration paths for water-based solutions; finally, the leaching results in delamination. In CdTe containing module pieces, the CdTe itself and the back contact are unstable and highly soluble. In CIGS containing module pieces, all of the module layers are more or less soluble. In the case of c-Si module pieces, the cells’ aluminum back contact is unstable. Module pieces from a-Si technology also show a soluble back contact. Long-term leaching leads to delamination in all kinds of module pieces; delamination depends strongly on the pH value of the solutions. For low pH-values, the time dependent leaching is well described by an exponential saturation behavior and a leaching time constant. The time constant depends on the pH, as well as on accelerating conditions such as increased temperature and/or agitation. Our long-term experiments clearly demonstrate that it is possible to leach out all, or at least a large amount, of the (toxic) elements from the photovoltaic modules. It is therefore not sufficient to carry out experiments just over 24 h and to conclude on the stability and environmental impact of photovoltaic modules. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:20:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ca7619d009914d4db18faa5504c6c673 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:20:48Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-ca7619d009914d4db18faa5504c6c6732023-12-03T15:11:02ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732021-01-0114369210.3390/en14030692Leaching via Weak Spots in Photovoltaic ModulesJessica Nover0Renate Zapf-Gottwick1Carolin Feifel2Michael Koch3Juergen Heinz Werner4Institute for Photovoltaics and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyInstitute for Photovoltaics and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyInstitute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality, and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyInstitute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality, and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyInstitute for Photovoltaics and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyThis study identifies unstable and soluble layers in commercial photovoltaic modules during 1.5 year long-term leaching. Our experiments cover modules from all major photovoltaic technologies containing solar cells from crystalline silicon (c-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). These technologies cover more than 99.9% of the world market. We cut out module pieces of 5 × 5 cm<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> in size from these modules and leached them in water-based solutions with pH 4, pH 7, and pH 11, in order to simulate different environmental conditions. Unstable layers open penetration paths for water-based solutions; finally, the leaching results in delamination. In CdTe containing module pieces, the CdTe itself and the back contact are unstable and highly soluble. In CIGS containing module pieces, all of the module layers are more or less soluble. In the case of c-Si module pieces, the cells’ aluminum back contact is unstable. Module pieces from a-Si technology also show a soluble back contact. Long-term leaching leads to delamination in all kinds of module pieces; delamination depends strongly on the pH value of the solutions. For low pH-values, the time dependent leaching is well described by an exponential saturation behavior and a leaching time constant. The time constant depends on the pH, as well as on accelerating conditions such as increased temperature and/or agitation. Our long-term experiments clearly demonstrate that it is possible to leach out all, or at least a large amount, of the (toxic) elements from the photovoltaic modules. It is therefore not sufficient to carry out experiments just over 24 h and to conclude on the stability and environmental impact of photovoltaic modules.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/3/692leachinglong termphotovoltaic modulesdelaminationsolubility |
| spellingShingle | Jessica Nover Renate Zapf-Gottwick Carolin Feifel Michael Koch Juergen Heinz Werner Leaching via Weak Spots in Photovoltaic Modules Energies leaching long term photovoltaic modules delamination solubility |
| title | Leaching via Weak Spots in Photovoltaic Modules |
| title_full | Leaching via Weak Spots in Photovoltaic Modules |
| title_fullStr | Leaching via Weak Spots in Photovoltaic Modules |
| title_full_unstemmed | Leaching via Weak Spots in Photovoltaic Modules |
| title_short | Leaching via Weak Spots in Photovoltaic Modules |
| title_sort | leaching via weak spots in photovoltaic modules |
| topic | leaching long term photovoltaic modules delamination solubility |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/3/692 |
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