Functionally Heterogenous Macrophage Subsets in the Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Novel Targets for Disease Monitoring and Treatment
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a granulomatous large-vessel vasculitis that affects adults above 50 years of age. In GCA, circulating monocytes are recruited to the inflamed arteries. With cues from the vascular microenvironment, they differentiate into macrophages and play important roles in the pat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/4958 |
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| author | Idil Esen William F. Jiemy Yannick van Sleen Kornelis S.M. van der Geest Maria Sandovici Peter Heeringa Annemieke M. H. Boots Elisabeth Brouwer |
| author_facet | Idil Esen William F. Jiemy Yannick van Sleen Kornelis S.M. van der Geest Maria Sandovici Peter Heeringa Annemieke M. H. Boots Elisabeth Brouwer |
| author_sort | Idil Esen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a granulomatous large-vessel vasculitis that affects adults above 50 years of age. In GCA, circulating monocytes are recruited to the inflamed arteries. With cues from the vascular microenvironment, they differentiate into macrophages and play important roles in the pathogenesis of GCA via pro-inflammatory cytokine production and vascular remodeling. However, a deeper understanding of macrophage heterogeneity in GCA pathogenesis is needed to assist the development of novel diagnostic tools and targeted therapies. Here, we review the current knowledge on macrophage heterogeneity and diverse functions of macrophage subsets in the pathogenesis of GCA. We next discuss the possibility to exploit their heterogeneity as a source of novel biomarkers and as targets for nuclear imaging. Finally, we discuss novel macrophage-targeted therapies and future directions for targeting these cells in GCA. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:00:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ca7f103607a244048651126f231310bc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:00:06Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-ca7f103607a244048651126f231310bc2023-11-22T21:05:13ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-10-011021495810.3390/jcm10214958Functionally Heterogenous Macrophage Subsets in the Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Novel Targets for Disease Monitoring and TreatmentIdil Esen0William F. Jiemy1Yannick van Sleen2Kornelis S.M. van der Geest3Maria Sandovici4Peter Heeringa5Annemieke M. H. Boots6Elisabeth Brouwer7Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The NetherlandsGiant cell arteritis (GCA) is a granulomatous large-vessel vasculitis that affects adults above 50 years of age. In GCA, circulating monocytes are recruited to the inflamed arteries. With cues from the vascular microenvironment, they differentiate into macrophages and play important roles in the pathogenesis of GCA via pro-inflammatory cytokine production and vascular remodeling. However, a deeper understanding of macrophage heterogeneity in GCA pathogenesis is needed to assist the development of novel diagnostic tools and targeted therapies. Here, we review the current knowledge on macrophage heterogeneity and diverse functions of macrophage subsets in the pathogenesis of GCA. We next discuss the possibility to exploit their heterogeneity as a source of novel biomarkers and as targets for nuclear imaging. Finally, we discuss novel macrophage-targeted therapies and future directions for targeting these cells in GCA.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/4958giant cell arteritismacrophagesimagingbiomarkers |
| spellingShingle | Idil Esen William F. Jiemy Yannick van Sleen Kornelis S.M. van der Geest Maria Sandovici Peter Heeringa Annemieke M. H. Boots Elisabeth Brouwer Functionally Heterogenous Macrophage Subsets in the Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Novel Targets for Disease Monitoring and Treatment Journal of Clinical Medicine giant cell arteritis macrophages imaging biomarkers |
| title | Functionally Heterogenous Macrophage Subsets in the Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Novel Targets for Disease Monitoring and Treatment |
| title_full | Functionally Heterogenous Macrophage Subsets in the Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Novel Targets for Disease Monitoring and Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Functionally Heterogenous Macrophage Subsets in the Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Novel Targets for Disease Monitoring and Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Functionally Heterogenous Macrophage Subsets in the Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Novel Targets for Disease Monitoring and Treatment |
| title_short | Functionally Heterogenous Macrophage Subsets in the Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Novel Targets for Disease Monitoring and Treatment |
| title_sort | functionally heterogenous macrophage subsets in the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis novel targets for disease monitoring and treatment |
| topic | giant cell arteritis macrophages imaging biomarkers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/4958 |
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