The Effects of a 6-Week Controlled, Hypocaloric Ketogenic Diet, With and Without Exogenous Ketone Salts, on Body Composition Responses
Background: Ketogenic diets (KDs) that elevate beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) promote weight and fat loss. Exogenous ketones, such as ketone salts (KS), also elevate BHB concentrations with the potential to protect against muscle loss during caloric restriction. Whether augmenting ketosis with KS impact...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.618520/full |
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| author | Alex Buga Madison L. Kackley Christopher D. Crabtree Teryn N. Sapper Lauren Mccabe Brandon Fell Rich A. LaFountain Parker N. Hyde Emily R. Martini Jessica Bowman Yue Pan Yue Pan Yue Pan Debbie Scandling Debbie Scandling Debbie Scandling Milene L. Brownlow Annalouise O'Connor Orlando P. Simonetti Orlando P. Simonetti Orlando P. Simonetti William J. Kraemer Jeff S. Volek |
| author_facet | Alex Buga Madison L. Kackley Christopher D. Crabtree Teryn N. Sapper Lauren Mccabe Brandon Fell Rich A. LaFountain Parker N. Hyde Emily R. Martini Jessica Bowman Yue Pan Yue Pan Yue Pan Debbie Scandling Debbie Scandling Debbie Scandling Milene L. Brownlow Annalouise O'Connor Orlando P. Simonetti Orlando P. Simonetti Orlando P. Simonetti William J. Kraemer Jeff S. Volek |
| author_sort | Alex Buga |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Ketogenic diets (KDs) that elevate beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) promote weight and fat loss. Exogenous ketones, such as ketone salts (KS), also elevate BHB concentrations with the potential to protect against muscle loss during caloric restriction. Whether augmenting ketosis with KS impacts body composition responses to a well-formulated KD remains unknown.Purpose: To explore the effects of energy-matched, hypocaloric KD feeding (<50 g carbohydrates/day; 1.5 g/kg/day protein), with and without the inclusion of KS, on weight loss and body composition responses.Methods: Overweight and obese adults were provided a precisely defined hypocaloric KD (~75% of energy expenditure) for 6 weeks. In a double-blind manner, subjects were randomly assigned to receive ~24 g/day of a racemic BHB-salt (KD + KS; n = 12) or placebo (KD + PL; n = 13). A matched comparison group (n = 12) was separately assigned to an isoenergetic/isonitrogenous low-fat diet (LFD). Body composition parameters were assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging.Results: The KD induced nutritional ketosis (>1.0 mM capillary BHB) throughout the study (p < 0.001), with higher fasting concentrations observed in KD + KS than KD + PL for the first 2 weeks (p < 0.05). There were decreases in body mass, whole body fat and lean mass, mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area, and both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues (p < 0.001), but no group differences between the two KDs or with the LFD. Urine nitrogen excretion was significantly higher in KD + PL than LFD (p < 0.01) and trended higher in KD + PL compared to KD + KS (p = 0.076), whereas the nitrogen excretion during KD + KS was similar to LFD (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Energy-matched hypocaloric ketogenic diets favorably affected body composition but were not further impacted by administration of an exogenous BHB-salt that augmented ketosis. The trend for less nitrogen loss with the BHB-salt, if manifested over a longer period of time, may contribute to preserved lean mass. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-16T06:14:01Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T06:14:01Z |
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| series | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj.art-ca97e80c6d6a4ddfa0e1dc283da9d0e02022-12-21T22:41:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2021-03-01810.3389/fnut.2021.618520618520The Effects of a 6-Week Controlled, Hypocaloric Ketogenic Diet, With and Without Exogenous Ketone Salts, on Body Composition ResponsesAlex Buga0Madison L. Kackley1Christopher D. Crabtree2Teryn N. Sapper3Lauren Mccabe4Brandon Fell5Rich A. LaFountain6Parker N. Hyde7Emily R. Martini8Jessica Bowman9Yue Pan10Yue Pan11Yue Pan12Debbie Scandling13Debbie Scandling14Debbie Scandling15Milene L. Brownlow16Annalouise O'Connor17Orlando P. Simonetti18Orlando P. Simonetti19Orlando P. Simonetti20William J. Kraemer21Jeff S. Volek22Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesResearch and Development Department, Metagenics, Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA, United StatesResearch and Development Department, Metagenics, Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesBackground: Ketogenic diets (KDs) that elevate beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) promote weight and fat loss. Exogenous ketones, such as ketone salts (KS), also elevate BHB concentrations with the potential to protect against muscle loss during caloric restriction. Whether augmenting ketosis with KS impacts body composition responses to a well-formulated KD remains unknown.Purpose: To explore the effects of energy-matched, hypocaloric KD feeding (<50 g carbohydrates/day; 1.5 g/kg/day protein), with and without the inclusion of KS, on weight loss and body composition responses.Methods: Overweight and obese adults were provided a precisely defined hypocaloric KD (~75% of energy expenditure) for 6 weeks. In a double-blind manner, subjects were randomly assigned to receive ~24 g/day of a racemic BHB-salt (KD + KS; n = 12) or placebo (KD + PL; n = 13). A matched comparison group (n = 12) was separately assigned to an isoenergetic/isonitrogenous low-fat diet (LFD). Body composition parameters were assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging.Results: The KD induced nutritional ketosis (>1.0 mM capillary BHB) throughout the study (p < 0.001), with higher fasting concentrations observed in KD + KS than KD + PL for the first 2 weeks (p < 0.05). There were decreases in body mass, whole body fat and lean mass, mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area, and both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues (p < 0.001), but no group differences between the two KDs or with the LFD. Urine nitrogen excretion was significantly higher in KD + PL than LFD (p < 0.01) and trended higher in KD + PL compared to KD + KS (p = 0.076), whereas the nitrogen excretion during KD + KS was similar to LFD (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Energy-matched hypocaloric ketogenic diets favorably affected body composition but were not further impacted by administration of an exogenous BHB-salt that augmented ketosis. The trend for less nitrogen loss with the BHB-salt, if manifested over a longer period of time, may contribute to preserved lean mass.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.618520/fullketogenic dietobesityexogenous ketonesbody compositionadvanced imaging |
| spellingShingle | Alex Buga Madison L. Kackley Christopher D. Crabtree Teryn N. Sapper Lauren Mccabe Brandon Fell Rich A. LaFountain Parker N. Hyde Emily R. Martini Jessica Bowman Yue Pan Yue Pan Yue Pan Debbie Scandling Debbie Scandling Debbie Scandling Milene L. Brownlow Annalouise O'Connor Orlando P. Simonetti Orlando P. Simonetti Orlando P. Simonetti William J. Kraemer Jeff S. Volek The Effects of a 6-Week Controlled, Hypocaloric Ketogenic Diet, With and Without Exogenous Ketone Salts, on Body Composition Responses Frontiers in Nutrition ketogenic diet obesity exogenous ketones body composition advanced imaging |
| title | The Effects of a 6-Week Controlled, Hypocaloric Ketogenic Diet, With and Without Exogenous Ketone Salts, on Body Composition Responses |
| title_full | The Effects of a 6-Week Controlled, Hypocaloric Ketogenic Diet, With and Without Exogenous Ketone Salts, on Body Composition Responses |
| title_fullStr | The Effects of a 6-Week Controlled, Hypocaloric Ketogenic Diet, With and Without Exogenous Ketone Salts, on Body Composition Responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effects of a 6-Week Controlled, Hypocaloric Ketogenic Diet, With and Without Exogenous Ketone Salts, on Body Composition Responses |
| title_short | The Effects of a 6-Week Controlled, Hypocaloric Ketogenic Diet, With and Without Exogenous Ketone Salts, on Body Composition Responses |
| title_sort | effects of a 6 week controlled hypocaloric ketogenic diet with and without exogenous ketone salts on body composition responses |
| topic | ketogenic diet obesity exogenous ketones body composition advanced imaging |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.618520/full |
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