The Effects of New Zealand Grown Ginseng Fractions on Cytokine Production from Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells
Pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines are important mediators that regulate the inflammatory response in inflammation-related diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate different New Zealand (NZ)-grown ginseng fractions on the productions of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflamm...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/4/1158 |
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| author | Wei Chen Prabhu Balan David G. Popovich |
| author_facet | Wei Chen Prabhu Balan David G. Popovich |
| author_sort | Wei Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines are important mediators that regulate the inflammatory response in inflammation-related diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate different New Zealand (NZ)-grown ginseng fractions on the productions of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Four NZ-grown ginseng fractions, including total ginseng extract (TGE), non-ginsenoside fraction extract (NGE), high-polar ginsenoside fraction extract (HPG), and less-polar ginsenoside fraction extract (LPG), were prepared and the ginsenoside compositions of extracts were analyzed by HPLC using 19 ginsenoside reference standards. The THP-1 cells were pre-treated with different concentrations of TGE, NGE, HPG, and LPG, and were then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TGE at 400 µg/mL significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 productions. NGE did not show any effects on inflammatory secretion except inhibited IL-6 production at a high dose. Furthermore, LPG displayed a stronger effect than HPG on inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) productions. Particularly, 100 µg/mL LPG not only significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, but also remarkably enhanced the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. NZ-grown ginseng exhibited anti-inflammatory effects <i>in vitro</i>, which is mainly attributed to ginsenoside fractions (particularly less-polar ginsenosides) rather than non-saponin fractions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:39:53Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:39:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-caa4d6e84e2148f4ade4fa60c3e46a8c2023-12-11T17:57:19ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-02-01264115810.3390/molecules26041158The Effects of New Zealand Grown Ginseng Fractions on Cytokine Production from Human Monocytic THP-1 CellsWei Chen0Prabhu Balan1David G. Popovich2School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandRiddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandSchool of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandPro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines are important mediators that regulate the inflammatory response in inflammation-related diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate different New Zealand (NZ)-grown ginseng fractions on the productions of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Four NZ-grown ginseng fractions, including total ginseng extract (TGE), non-ginsenoside fraction extract (NGE), high-polar ginsenoside fraction extract (HPG), and less-polar ginsenoside fraction extract (LPG), were prepared and the ginsenoside compositions of extracts were analyzed by HPLC using 19 ginsenoside reference standards. The THP-1 cells were pre-treated with different concentrations of TGE, NGE, HPG, and LPG, and were then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TGE at 400 µg/mL significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 productions. NGE did not show any effects on inflammatory secretion except inhibited IL-6 production at a high dose. Furthermore, LPG displayed a stronger effect than HPG on inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) productions. Particularly, 100 µg/mL LPG not only significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, but also remarkably enhanced the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. NZ-grown ginseng exhibited anti-inflammatory effects <i>in vitro</i>, which is mainly attributed to ginsenoside fractions (particularly less-polar ginsenosides) rather than non-saponin fractions.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/4/1158<i>Panax ginseng</i>NZ-grown ginsengsaponinsless-polar ginsenosidespro-inflammatoryanti-inflammatory |
| spellingShingle | Wei Chen Prabhu Balan David G. Popovich The Effects of New Zealand Grown Ginseng Fractions on Cytokine Production from Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells Molecules <i>Panax ginseng</i> NZ-grown ginseng saponins less-polar ginsenosides pro-inflammatory anti-inflammatory |
| title | The Effects of New Zealand Grown Ginseng Fractions on Cytokine Production from Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells |
| title_full | The Effects of New Zealand Grown Ginseng Fractions on Cytokine Production from Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells |
| title_fullStr | The Effects of New Zealand Grown Ginseng Fractions on Cytokine Production from Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effects of New Zealand Grown Ginseng Fractions on Cytokine Production from Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells |
| title_short | The Effects of New Zealand Grown Ginseng Fractions on Cytokine Production from Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells |
| title_sort | effects of new zealand grown ginseng fractions on cytokine production from human monocytic thp 1 cells |
| topic | <i>Panax ginseng</i> NZ-grown ginseng saponins less-polar ginsenosides pro-inflammatory anti-inflammatory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/4/1158 |
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